Guide To SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
Guide to SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 1

Contents NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
Guide to Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

• Features of SDH
• SDH Hierarchy • Scrambling
• World-wide Standard • Network Synchronization
• Synchronous System • Timing Source
• Simple Access to Tributaries • S1 Byte Quality Levels
• SDH Multiplexing Structure • Clock Switching Rules
• Multiplexing Process • Timing Source Flow
• STM-N Multiplexing • SDH Function Model
• STM-1 Frame Structure • Network Management System
• Overhead Termination • SDH Radio System
• Section and Path • SOH and RFCOH
• Section Overhead • SDH Radio Operation Mode
• Bit Interleaved Parity • SDH Radio Function Model
• Pointer Functions • ITU-T Recommendation

Features of SDH NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
• One Global Digital Hierarchy

• ITU-T standardization in 1988
• World-wide Standard
• Common to Europe, North America and Japan digital hierarchy
• Multi vendor environment
• Unified Multiplexing Structure
• Flexible multiplexing structure using virtual container (VC-n)
• Synchronous System
• Synchronous multiplexing
• Simple access to tributaries (Add-drop/Cross connect)
• Abundant Overhead Bit
• Sophisticated Network Management System
• Full Management Capability for the Network Operator

SDH Hierarchy NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
STM-n : Synchronous Transport Module-n

(n=1, 4, 16, 64)
125 micro seconds frame speed (based on 8kHz sampling frequency)
Byte interleaved multiplexing (one byte = 64kb/s)
ITU-T G.707
STM-1 155.52 MB/s

2,430 bytes (19,440 bits) 125 micro second
STM- 4 STM-4 : 622.08 MB/s

STM-16 STM-16 : 2,488.32 MB/s

STM- 64 STM-64 : 9,953.280 MB/s

155,520 bytes (1,244,160 bits) 125 micro second
STM- 0 STM-0 : 51.84 MB/s

810 bytes (6,480 bits) 125 micro second

World-wide Standard NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
CEPT USA JAPAN

2.048 MB/s 1.544 MB/s 1.544 MB/s
8.448 MB/s 6.312 MB/s 6.312 MB/s PDH
ITU-T G703
34.368 MB/s 44.376 MB/s 32.064 MB/s
139.264 Mb/S 274.176 Mb/S 397.72 Mb/S
SDH
STM-1 : 155.52 MB/s
STM-4 : 622.08 MB/s SDH
STM-16 : 2488.32 MB/s ITU-T G707
STM-64 : 9953.28 MB/s Sub

STM-0 : 51.84 MB/s

Synchronous System NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
• All equipment in the network use the same clock source

• Stuffing is not required for multiplexing
• SDH multiplexing using pointer function
• All byte visibility
• Minimize delay of multiplexing
• Minimize memory size
• Simple Access to Tributaries
• Direct tributary access to high speed aggregate data
• High stability clock source required
• 10 -11 stability clock source for Primary reference source

Simple Access to Tributaries NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
2 MB 2 MB
Stuff multiplexing
Drop Insert
8 MB
8 MB
34 MB
34 MB PDH
140 MB 140 MB
STM-1 STM-1
Add-Drop Multiplex
SDH
2 MB 2 MB
Drop Insert

SDH Multiplexing Structure NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
Synchronous Higher Order Lower Order

Transport Administrative Administrative Virtual Tributary Tributary Virtual
Module - N Unit Group Unit Container Unit Group Unit Container Container
xN C4 139264kb/s
AU4 VC4
STM-N AUG
x3 x1
TUG3 TU3 VC3
x3
44736kb/s
C3
AU3 34368kb/s
VC3
STM-RR
x7
(STM-0) x7 x1
STM for Radio Relay System TU2 VC2 C2 6312kb/s
TUG2
: Multiplexing x3
: Aligning VC12 C12 2048kb/s

TU12
: Mapping x4
: Pointer Processing VC11 C11 1544kb/s
TU11

Multiplexing Process (1) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
Example
2MB PDH
2MB/s to STM-N
C-12
S 2MB
(Container-12)
S : Stuffing bits
Ptr : Pointer VC-12
POH C-12 (Virtual Container-12)
VC-12 TU-12
Ptr (Tributary Unit-12)
TUG-2
Ptr (3) Ptr (2) Ptr (1) VC-12 (3) VC-12 (2) VC-12 (1)
(Tributary Unit Group-2)
TUG-3
TUG-2 (7) TUG-2 (2) TUG-2 (1) (Tributary Unit Group-3)
VC-4
POH TUG-3 (3) TUG-3 (2) TUG-3 (1) (Virtual Container-4)
AU-4
Ptr VC-4 (Administrative Unit-4)
AUG
Ptr AU-4 (Administrative Unit Group-4)
STM-N
SOH AUG (N) AUG (1) (Synchronous Transport Module
Level-N)
: Logical association Unshaded areas are phase aligned, Phase alignment between the unshaded and shaded areas is
: Physical association defined by the pointer(Ptr) and is indicated by the arrow

Multiplexing Process (2) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
Example
140MB/s to STM-N
S : Stuffing bits
Ptr : Pointer
140MB PDH
C-4
S 140MB
(Container-4)
VC-4
POH C4
(Virtual Container-4)
Ptr AU-4
VC-4 (Administrative Unit-4)
AUG
Ptr AU-4 (Administrative Unit Group-4)
STM-N
SOH AUG (N) AUG (1) (Synchronous Transport Module
Level-N)
: Logical association Unshaded areas are phase aligned, Phase alignment between the unshaded and shaded areas is
: Physical association defined by the pointer(Ptr) and is indicated by the arrow

STM-N Multiplexing NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
Byte Interleaved Multiplexing
AAA
STM -1 AU4
STM -1 BBB AU4

ABC - - - - NABC - - - - NABC - - - -
STM -1
CCC AU4
STM -1 NNN
AU4
9xN 261 x N
ABC - - - - NABC - - - - NABC - - - -

RSOH
AU POINTER
9 rows
MSOH
NABC - - - - N
125μS

STM-1 Frame Structure(1) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
6.43 nS
STM-1 : 155.52MB/s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 125 μS / Frame
19,440 bits / Frame
8 bits = 1 byte 1 byte : 64kb/s
125 μS
9 261
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
ＳＯＨ 9 (bytes) PAYLOAD (261 bytes)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
9 rows
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
125 μS
270 columns

STM-1 Frame Structure (2) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
270bytes
9 bytes 261bytes
85 bytes
3 RSOH
PAY LOAD
1 POINTER
9 rows
STM-1
155.52 MB/s
POH
5 MSOH
VC 12
POH
POH
125 μS
VC-3
POH
VC-4
STM-1 : Synchronous Transport Module Level-

1 RSOH : Regenerator Section Overhead
MSOH : Multiplex Section Overhead 261bytes
POH : Path Overhead
VC-x : Virtual Container

Overhead Termination NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
MUX RRT RRR RRT MUX
RSOH Regenerator Section Regenerator Section

Regenerator Section Overhead
Multiplex Section Multiplex Section Multiplex Section

MSOH
Multiplex Section Overhead
POH Path
Path Overhead
MST MST RST MST MST
MUX RRT RRR RRT MUX
RSOH
Termination
MSOH
Termination
POH
Termination VC VC
Virtual Container

Section and Path(1) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
Multiplex Equipment Multiplex Equipment
C-1,2 VC-1,2 VC-1,2 C-1,2

STM-N STM-N
VC-3,4 VC-3,4
C-3,4 C-3,4
RSOH RSOH RSOH
MSOH
VC-3,4 POH
VC-1,2 POH
Type of Overhead
RSOH : Regenerator Section Overhead

SOH
MSOH : Multiplex Section Overhead
Lower Order Path Overhead (VC-1/VC-2 POH)
VC POH
Higher Order Path Overhead (VC-3/VC-4 POH)

Section and Path (2) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
VC4 VC3 VC3
Path
MUX MUX
RT RT RR RT RT
RS RS VC4
Path VC2
MS
Path
RT RT
MUX MUX RT RT MUX

VC2
RT RT
Path MS
RS RS
RT RT RR RT RT
MUX MUX
RT : Radio Terminal
RR : Radio Repeater
VC2 RS : Regenerator Section
VC2
MS : Multiplex Section
VCx : Virtual Container

Section Overhead (1) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
A1,A2 : Frame Alignment

J0 : Regenerator Section Trace
B1 : Bit Interleave Parity for Regenerator Section (BIP-8)
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X E1 : Order Wire at Regenerators
B1 E1 F1 X X F1 : User Channel (64kb/s)
D1 D2 D3 D1 - D3 : Data Communication Channel
AU Pointer(s) for Regenerator Section (DCCr) (192kb/s)
B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 B2 : Bit Interleave Parity for Multiplex Section (BIP-24)
D4 D5 D6 K1,K2 : Automatic Protection Switching (APS)
D7 D8 D9 MS-AIS, MS-RDI
D10 D11 D12 D4 - D12 : Data Communication Channel
S1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 E2 X X for Multiplex Section (DCCm) (576kb/s)
S1 : Synchronization Status
Z1,Z2 : Not Defined yet
REI : Remote Error Indicator M1 : Section Status Report
RDI : Remote Defect Indicator
MS-REI / Far End Block Error (FEBE)
E2 : Order Wire at Multiplex Section
X : Reserved for national use

YM-OCT/00-02
• A1, A2 : Frame alignment signal

• This is a unique identifier indicating start point of STM frame. It is using for Frame synchronization.
Unscrambled. (A1 :11110110 A2 : 00101000)
• J0 : Regenerator section trace

• This byte used for the confirmation of correct regenerator section connection. Unscrambled(C1:Former
recommendation)
• B1 : Bit Interleaved Parity - 8

• This is an 8 bits error check code using even parity coding. It allows each regenerator section to monitor
and reset this byte. The BIP-8 is computed over all bits of the previous STM-N frame after scrambling and
is placed in byte B1 before scrambling.
• B2 : Bit Interleaved Parity -24

• This is a 24 bits error check code using even parity coding. Each multiplex section monitor and reset this
bytes. The BIP-24 is computed over all bits except for the first three rows of SOH and is placed in bytes
B2 before scrambling.
• E1 : Order wire for regenerator section

• It is used to provided for order wire channels for voice communication. E1 is a part of RSOH and may be
accessed at each regenerators. (64kb/s)
• E2 : Order wire for multiplex section

• E2 is a part of MSOH and may be accessed at each multiplexer. (64kb/s)
YM-OCT/00-02
• F1 : User channel
• This byte is reserved for user purposes (for example network operator) (64kb/s)
• D1 - D3 : Data Communication Channel for Regenerator Section (DCCr)

• This data channel passes the information between the regenerator sections and the network management
center. This is to provide alarm monitoring, remote maintenance, reconfiguration, etc.(192kb/s)
• D4 - D12 : Data Communication Channel for Multiplex Section (DCCm)

• This is the data communication channel for the multiplex sections.(576kb/s)
• K1, K2 : APS Channel (Automatic Protection Switching)

• These are control bytes for any automatic protection switching that will be used on the network. The state of
these bytes tells the network protection equipment which route to transmit on.
• A part of K2 is also used to send the MS-RDI (Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication/Formerly
FERF, Far End Receive Failure) and MS-AIS (Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Signal).
• S1 : Synchronization Status
• This byte indicates quality of synchronization reference clock source used by the equipment.
• M1 : Section Status Reporting

• The result of BIT-24 (B2) is reported to its originating end by this byte as MS-REI (Multiplex Section
Remote Error Indication) Formerly FEBE (Far End Block Error).
• Z1, Z2 : Spare
Bit Interleaved Parity (1) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
BIP-8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
RSOH
Ptr
Frame #n PAYLOAD
MSOH
Result of BIP-8
Frame #n
B1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Frame #n+1 Ptr

PAYLOAD
MSOH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
B1 byte is monitored and renewed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
at every regenerator section
B1 byte
Result of Even Parity Frame #n+1

Even : K=0
Odd : K=1

YM-OCT/00-02
BIP-8
1 2 23 24 1 2 23 24
RSOH
RSOH
Ptr
Frame #n PAYLOAD
MSOH
Result of BIP-24
Frame #n
1 2 23 24
Frame #n+1 Ptr

PAYLOAD
B2
MSOH
1 2 23 24 1 2 23 24
RSOH
B2 bytes are monitored and renewed
at every multiplex section
Frame #n+1
1 2 23 24
B2 byte
Result of Even Parity
Even : K=0
Odd : K=1

YM-OCT/00-02
Multiplex Radio Terminal Radio Repeater Radio Terminal Multiplex

Radio Repeater
Path
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section Regenerator Section Regenerator Section
BIP-8/BIP-2
BIP-24
BIP-8 BIP-8 BIP-8
B1 B1 B1 B1 B1 B1
B2 B2
B3/V5 B3/V5
: Generate
: Detect

Pointer Function (1) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
Phase Alignment
SOH SOH POINTER

STM-1 Frame
(1) VC-4 Frame

VC4
(in phase)
(2) VC-4 Frame Aμs

VC4
(lagging)
(1) VC-4 Frame (2) VC-4 Frame

(in phase) (lagging)
q = p + Aμs
p q
STM-1 STM-0
n Frame n Frame
VC4 VC4
VC4 VC4
n Frame n Frame
STM-1 STM-0
n+1 Frame n+1 Frame

YM-OCT/00-02
Phase Alignment
B μs
Case 1 Case 2
p q
In coming STM frame In coming STM frame is
is the same as reference lagging to the reference frame
frame timing of the station timing of the receiving station VC4
VC4
processing
processing
Pointer
Pointer
r = q + Bμs
p r B μs
Pointer value
Pointer value
not changed
VC4 changed VC4
Reference Frame timing Reference Frame timing

of receiving station of receiving station

YM-OCT/00-02
Frequency Justification
783 bytes (reference)

STM-0 Pay load
Clock : f 0
783 bytes
(1) STM-0 Pay load
Clock : f 0
782 bytes
(2) STM-0 Pay load
Clock : f 1 < f 0
784 bytes
(3) STM-0 Pay load
Clock : f 2 > f 0
Positive Justification Negative Justification

Supposed
Pointer value = 0
n Frame
n Frame
n Frame
STM-0
STM-0
STM-0
VC3 VC3 VC3

783 bytes 782 bytes 784 byte
n+1 Frame
n+1 Frame
n+1 Frame
STM-0
STM-0
STM-0
(1) Clock : f 0 (2) Clock : f 1 < f 0 (2) Clock : f 2 > f 0

YM-OCT/00-02
Frequency Justification
p
In coming STM clock frequency is
lower than the reference clock
frequency of the receiving station.
VC4
Frame timing is the same as
reference frame of the station.
Pointer
Processing
Circuit
Justification
Pointer
In coming STM clock Reference clock

f1 f0
f1<f0
P+1
p
Pointer value incremented by “1”.
Positive justification.
VC4

Scrambling NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
Data in
6 7
Generator Polynomial = 1 + X + X +
7 f
Scramble pattern length = 2 -1 =127 bits x a b c d e g
D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q D Q +
C S C S C S C S C S C S C S
STM-N clock
Frame pulse Scrambled

data out
x a b c d e f g
No scramble Start scramble
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 A1,A2 11111110000001
3 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 RSOH
4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 3
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 Payload
6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6
7 MSOH
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 7
8 0 8
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 9
10 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 A1,A2 11111110000001
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
11 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 RSOH
3
12 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 4
5 Payload
6
7 MSOH
127 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 8
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9

Network Synchronization (1) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
Station A
Merit of the Network Synchronization
Byte visibility at all bit rate Equipment Equipment Equipment

#1 #2 #3
Synchronous multiplexing
Cross connect
Direct tributary access from high speed bearer Clock : Fa
Simple multiplex configuration

All the equipment in the station-A operate by the master clock (FA)
Networking
Fa
F0
Network Synchronization
Station Fa = Fb = Fc
A
Station Station
A B
Station Station
B C
Station Station Station
C D E
Fb Fc
All the network element work in the same clock (F0) Other station’s data can not be read unless clock synchronization

Network Synchronization (2) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
TX RX
Fa
Transmission line Clk extraction
Clk extraction
RX TX
Fb
Asynchronous timing
Station A Station B
TX RX
Transmission line Clk extraction

Fa
RX TX
Loop timing
Station A Station B
Master clock
TX RX
Transmission line
F0 F0
RX TX
Network synchronization timing Station B

Station A

Timing Source NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
EXT CLK : Incoming signal from external reference

2.048MHz clock signal or
2.048/1.544MB/s Bipolar signal.
MUX CLK : Clock extracted from incoming STM-1 REG1 MUX CLK
data stream (from MUX equipment)
REG1 MUX CLK SEL
DMR CLK : Clock demodulated by the demodulator REG1 MUX CLK
from STM-1 data stream coming from the
far-end radio station
INT CLK : Clock produced by the internal oscillator in REG1 MUX CLK
the CLK module Timing Source
REG1 MUX CLK SEL SEL
REG1 MUX CLK

Note; only for MST mode
REG1 MUX CLK
REG1 MUX CLK
INT
CLK module

S1 Byte Quality Levels NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
S1 byte is the signal to transmit QUALITY LEVEL of timing signal to all continually connected NEs.
The value of QUALITY LEVEL is transmitted by low 4-bit of MSOH S1 byte.
Quality Level with S1 Byte Pattern

S1 byte pattern Quality Level
Clock Type
b5 b6 b7 b8 S1 Byte Value
0 0 0 0 0 Quality Unknown
0 0 1 0 2 G.811 (Primary Reference Clock)
0 1 0 0 3 G.812 Transit Node (Slave Clock)
1 0 0 0 4 G.812 Local Node (Slave Clock)l
1 0 1 1 5 SET(Synchronous Equipment Timing Source)
1 1 1 1 6 Do not use for synchronization

Clock Switching Rules NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
2. Select the highest priority for the same

1. Select the highest quality clock. quality clock sources.
Select DMR Clock

Select MUX Clock DMR CLK : Q=2
DMR CLK : Q=3 MUX CLK : Q=2
MUX CLK : Q=2
MUX CLK : Priority=2

DMR CLK : Priority=1
3. Consider the clock from a failed line

signal to be Q=6. 4. Backward direction S1 byte is set to Q=6
Select MUX Clock

Select MUX Clock
DMR CLK : Q=2
x DMR CLK : Q=2
MUX CLK : Q=2 Q=6 Backward S1 : Q=6
MUX CLK : Q=2
MUX CLK : Priority=1

DMR CLK : Priority=2

Timing Source Flow (1) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
NE1 NE2 NE TIMING SOURCE

EXT CLK Q=6 MUX CLK
NE1 EXT: QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--SEL
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=2
Q=2
NE2 MUX : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--SEL
Q=2 Q=6 Ext timing Q=2 Q=6 DMR : QTY=6, PRTY=2
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE8 NE3 MUX : QTY=6, PRTY=2

DMR CLK DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--
NE3 SEL
DMR CLK INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
Q=2 Q=6 NE4 MUX : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--SEL

Q=2 Q=6 DMR : QTY=6, PRTY=2
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3

NE7
MUX CLK DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--
MUX CLK
SEL
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
Q=2 NE6 MUX : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--SEL

Q=2 Q=6
DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2
Q=2 INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
Q=2
DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE6 Q=6 NE5
MUX CLK DMR CLK NE8 MUX : QTY=6, PRTY=2
DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--
SEL
Timing Source Flow in Normal State INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3

YM-OCT/00-02
NE1 NE2
EXT CLK MUX CLK NE TIMING SOURCE
Q=6
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=2
Q=2
Q=2 Q=6 --> 5 NE2 MUX : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--SEL

Q=6 Ext timing Q=2
DMR : QTY=5, PRTY=2
X INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE8
DMR CLK NE3 MUX : QTY=6, PRTY=2
NE3
DMR : FAIL , PRTY=1
DMR CLK -->
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3<--SEL
HOLD OVER -->
INT INT CLK
Q=6 Q=2 Q=2 -->5 DMR : QTY=6, PRTY=2
Q=6 INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3

NE7 MUX CLK DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--
MUX CLK SEL
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3

Q=2 Q=2
DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
Q=2 NE7 MUX : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--SEL

DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE6 Q=6 NE5
SEL
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
Timing Source Flow in Occurrence of Interruption (1/5)

YM-OCT/00-02
NE1 NE2
EXT CLK MUX CLK NE TIMING SOURCE
Q=6
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=2
Q=2

Ext timing Q=2
Q=6 DMR : QTY=5, PRTY=2
X INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE8
DMR CLK NE3 MUX : QTY=6, PRTY=2
NE3 DMR : QTY=6, PRTY=1
INT CLK INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3 <--SEL
INT
Q=5 Q=6
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE5 MUX : QTY=6, PRTY=2

NE4
NE7 DMR : QTY=5, PRTY=1 <--
MUX CLK
MUX CLK SEL
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3

Q=2
Q=2 DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
Q=2 --> 5 NE7 MUX : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--SEL

DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE6 Q=6 NE5
SEL
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
Timing Source Flow in Occurrence of Interruption (2/5)

YM-OCT/00-02

EXT CLK Q=6 MUX CLK
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=2
Q=2
Q=2 Q=5
Ext timing Q=2 DMR : QTY=5, PRTY=2
Q=6
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
X
DMR CLK DMR : QTY=6, PRTY=1
NE3 INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3 <--SEL
INT CLK
INT NE4 MUX : QTY=5, PRTY=1 <--SEL
Q=5 Q=6 INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3

NE4 DMR : QTY=5, PRTY=1 <--
NE7
MUX CLK SEL
MUX CLK
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3

Q=5 Q=6
Q=2 DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2 <--
SEL
Q=2 --> 6
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
Q=5
DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE6 Q=2 NE5
MUX CLK --> DMR CLK DMR CLK NE8 MUX : QTY=6, PRTY=2
SEL
Timing Source Flow in Occurrence of Interruption (3/5) INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3

YM-OCT/00-02

EXT CLK Q=6 MUX CLK
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=2
Q=2
Q=2 Q=5
Ext timing Q=2 DMR : QTY=5, PRTY=2
Q=6
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
X
NE3 INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3 <--SEL
INT CLK
INT NE4 MUX : QTY=5, PRTY=1
Q=2 Q=6 DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2 <--
Q=5 Q=6 --> 2 SEL
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE4
NE7 DMR CLK
DMR : QTY=5, PRTY=1
MUX CLK
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3

Q=6 Q=5
Q=2 Q=6 --> 2 DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2 <--
SEL
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
Q=5 --> 6
DMR : QTY=6, PRTY=2
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE6 Q=2 NE5
DMR CLK DMR CLK --> MUX CLK NE8 MUX : QTY=6, PRTY=2
SEL

YM-OCT/00-02

EXT CLK Q=6 MUX CLK
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=2
Q=2
Q=5 --> 2 NE2 MUX : QTY=2, PRTY=1 <--SEL

Q=2 Ext timing Q=2 DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2
Q=6
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
X
NE8 NE3 MUX : QTY=2, PRTY=2 <--SEL
DMR CLK NE3
DMR : QTY=6, PRTY=1
INT CLK -> MUX CLK
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
INT X NE4 MUX : QTY=6, PRTY=1

Q=2 Q=6 DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2 <--
Q=5 --> 6 Q=2 SEL
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE4 NE5 MUX : QTY=2, PRTY=2 <--SEL

NE7
MUX CLK
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3

Q=6 Q=6
Q=2 Q=2 DMR : QTY=2, PRTY=2 <--
SEL
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
Q=6
DMR : QTY=6, PRTY=2
INT : QTY=5, PRTY=3
NE6 Q=2 NE5
DMR CLK MUX CLK NE8 MUX : QTY=6, PRTY=2
SEL

SDH Function model (1) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
ITU-T G.783
OHA
n=3 or 4 interface
M S13
LPA Overhead access
PPI
-n OHA
Plesiochronous
tributary port
U1 E1, F1 unused bytes in RSOH

U4 U3 U2
S11 S10
F2, Z3, Z4, Z5 E2, Z1, Z2, D4-D12 unused bytes in MSOH
Lower order path functions; m=1,2,or 3 Higher order path functions; n = 3,4 Transport terminal functions
M LPA L LPT K LPC J HPA H HPT G HPC F E D C B A

PPI MSA MSP MST RST SPI
-m -m -m -m/n -n -n STM-N
port
S11 S10 S9 S8 S7 S6 S5 S4 S14 S3 S2 S1
P N
S11 S10 S9 S8 S7 S6 S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 T2 T0 T1
S12 Synchronous equipment Multiplexer timing
management function Multiplexer timing source
S13 S15 T3
physical interface
S14 SEMF MTS Synchronisation
MTPI
interface port
S12
V
F Interface
port Message communications P D4-D12 (DCCm)
functions
D1-D3 (DCCr)
MCF
N
Q Interface port SPI:SDH Physical Interface MSA:Multiplex Section Adaptation LPC-m:Lower Order Path Connection
RST:Regenerator Section Termination HPC-n:Higher Order Path Connection LPT-m:Lower Order Path Termination
MST:Multiplex Section Termination HPT-n:Higher Order Path Termination LPA-m:Lower Order Path Adaptation
MSP:Multiplex Section Protection HPA-m/n:Higher Order Path Adaptation PI: Plesiochronous Physical Interface

SDH Function Model (2) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
• SPI : SDH Physical Interface

• STM-N signal input/output (Optical / Electrical)
• Timing Extraction from Line signal
• RST : Regenerator Section Termination
• Frame Synchronization (A1, A2)
• Scramble / Descramble
• RSOH Termination / Insertion
• B1 error monitoring (BIP-8)
• MST : Multiplex Section Termination
• MSOH Termination / Insertion
• B2 error monitoring (BIP-24)
• SD (Signal Degrade), E-BER (Excessive BER) detection and reporting to SEMF
• MS-FERF (MS-RDI) detection and reporting to SEMF
• MSP : Multiplex Section Protection
• Protection for the STM-N signal against channel-associated failures within a multiplex section (K1,K2)
• Switching is initiated by SD (Signal Degrade) and SF (Signal Fail)
• MSA : Multiplex Section Adaptation
• Adaptation of higher order paths into administrative units (AUs)
• Assembly and De-assembly of AU Groups
• Pointer Generation, Interpretation and Processing

YM-OCT/00-02
• HPC : Higher Order Path Connection

• Add/Drop, Cross-connect function of higher order VCs
• Port assignment to be made according to the connection matrix (CM) from SEMF
• HPT : Higher Order Path Termination
• POH termination and Insertion (VC-n POH, n=3, 4)
• Error monitoring (BIP-8)
• HPA : Higher Order Path Adaptation
• TU pointer processing (Pointer generation, Pointer interpretation, Frequency justification)
• LPC : Lower Order Path Connection
• Add-Drop, Cross-connect function of lower order VCs
• Port assignment to be made according to the connection matrix (CM) from SEMF
• LPT : Lower Order Path Termination
• POH termination and Insertion (VC-n POH, n=1, 2, or 3)
• Error monitoring (BIP-8)
• LPA : Lower Order Path Adaptation
• User data (PDH) is mapped into synchronous container (C)
• PPI : Plesiochronous Physical Interface
• PDH physical interface
• Timing extraction from the received tributary signal.
• Loss of signal (LOS) detection

YM-OCT/00-02
• OHA : Overhead Access

• Overhead information interface (RSOH, MSOH, POH)
• MTPI : Multiplexer Timing Physical Interface
• External synchronization signal source interface
• MTS : Multiplexer Timing Source
• Synchronization source selection
• Internal Oscillator
• SEMF : Synchronouse Equipment Management Function
• This interacts with the other functional blocks by exchanging information across the Sn interface.
• Collects all event of the NE
– Error monitoring (B1, B2, B3, V5 ...)
– Pointer activity (AU justification event, TU justification event)
– Loss of Signal, Loss of Frame, Loss of Pointer, MS-AIS, Path AIS, etc
• MCF : Message Communications Function

• Interface provided for network management systems

Network Management System(1) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
• Abundant built-in overhead bits realize highly advanced

Network Management System
– Overhead bit rate PDH : 0.5% SDH:10%
• Fault Management
• Network alarm monitoring
• NE (Network Element) status monitoring
• Event history
• Event filtering
• Performance Management
• Performance data display
• Scheduled performance data retrieval from NE
• Quality of Service(QOS) Monitoring
• Quality of Service Threshold setting

Network Management System (2) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
• Configuration Management
• Building of overall network view
• Provisioning of network element
• Protection switch
• Path management
• Maintenance Function
• House keeping alarms and control
• Security Management
• User registration
• Assignment of user privilege
• Logging of security relevant actions

Network Management System (3) NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
System Configuration Example

LCT
M RT RR RT M
RT RT
Network Management System
RT RT F
M RT RR RT M
DCN
SNC-P
F F
LCT F
F F F
M RT RT M
RT : Radio Terminal
RR : Radio Repeater
M : Multiplex
F : Fots

SDH Radio System NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
PDH signal PDH Radio System
2MB/s
4MB/s DPU MOD TX TX DEM DPU
8MB/s
34MB/s
140MB/s
RFCOH Radio frame structure RFCOH
PDH data PDH data PDH data
RFCOH (Radio Frame Complementary Overhead)

Radio Frame Alignment bit / Forward Error Correction bit
Parity Check bit / Auxiliary Channel bit
Radio System Control bit / etc.
SDH Radio System

SDH signal
155MB/s STM INTFC DPU MOD TX TX DEM DPU STM INTFC

(140MB/s)
( 2MB/s)
RSOH RFCOH RSOH

RFCOH
MSOH MSOH
STM-1 frame structure Radio frame structure STM-1 frame structure

RSOH RSOH RSOH
Payload Payload Payload
MSOH MSOH MSOH
RFCOH (Radio Frame Complementary Overhead)

SOH and RFCOH NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
MUX RRT RRR RRT MUX
Radio Relay Section Radio Relay Section

RFCOH
Radio Frame Complementary Overhead
Regenerator Section Regenerator Section
RSOH
Regenerator Section Overhead
Multiplex Section Multiplex Section Multiplex Section

MSOH
Multiplex Section Overhead
Path
POH
Path Overhead
MUX RRT RRR RRT MUX
RFCOH
Termination
RSOH
Termination
MSOH
Termination
POH
Termination VC VC
Virtual Container

SDH Radio Operation Mode NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
SPI RST MS MSA MS RST MOD TX RX DEM RST MS MSA MS RST SPI
T T T T
RSOH MSOH MSOH RSOH RSOH MSOH MSOH RSOH
Reference Timing Reference Timing
STM-1 frame structure STM-1 frame structure

RSOH RSOH
ptr Payload ptr Payload
MSOH MST Mode Terminal MSOH
SPI RST RST MOD TX RX DEM RST RST SPI
RSOH RSOH RSOH RSOH
STM-1 frame structure STM-1 frame structure

RSOH RSOH
ptr Payload ptr Payload
MSOH RST Mode Terminal MSOH

SDH Radio Function Model NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
RST MOD TX
SPI RST MS
T MSA MS
T N+1 Protection system
MSP (MST mode)
SPI RST MS MSA MS RST MOD TX
T T
SPI RST MS MS
T MSA T
MSP
SPI RST MS MSA MS RST MOD TX
T T
RX DEM RST
MS MSA MS RST SPI

T T
HL MSP
RX DEM RST MS MSA MS RST SPI
T T
MS MSA MS RST SPI

T T
HL MSP
RX DEM RST MS MS
T MSA T RST SPI

ITU-T Recommendation NECITR-YTC
YM-OCT/00-02
• G707 Network Node Interface for the SDH

• This recommendation is a merged revised version of ITU-T Recommendations G.707, G.708 and G.709
in 1993. This gives Bit rate, Frames structures, Formats for mapping and multiplexing PDH and ATM
elements, Functionalities of the overheads.
• G.782 Types and General Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing Equipment
• This recommendation gives an overview of the function of SDH multiplexing equipment. It describes the
equipment in terms of various functional blocks. (Function reference model)
• G.783 Characteristics of SDH Multiplexing Equipment Functional Blocks
• This recommendation defines the interfaces and functions to be supported by the multiplexer types
defined in Recommendation G.782.
• G.957 Optical Interfaces for Equipment and Systems Relating to SDH
• This covers optical interface parameter specifications for equipment and systems supporting the SDH.
• G.784 SDH Management
• This addresses management aspects of the SDH, including the control and monitoring functions relevant
to SDH network elements. The SDH management sub-network architecture, SDH embedded control
channel(ECC) functions, and SDH ECC protocols are specified.
• G.773 Protocol Suits for Q-interfaces for Management of Transmission Systems
• This defines the characteristics of protocol for Q-interfaces of transmission systems/Equipments, as
defined in Recommendations M.30 (Principles for a TMN), and G.771 (Q-interfaces protocol selection
process for transmission equipment.
• G.774 SDH Management Information Model for the Network Element View
• This provides an information model for the SDH. It identifies the TMN object classes required for the
management of SDH network elements.
• G.803 Architecture of Transport Networks Based on the SDH

Guide To SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

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Guide To SDH: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

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NECITR-YTC

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 1

Guide to Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 2

• One Global Digital Hierarchy

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 3

STM-n : Synchronous Transport Module-n

STM-1 155.52 MB/s

STM- 4 STM-4 : 622.08 MB/s

STM-16 STM-16 : 2,488.32 MB/s

STM- 64 STM-64 : 9,953.280 MB/s

STM- 0 STM-0 : 51.84 MB/s

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 4

CEPT USA JAPAN

STM-64 : 9953.28 MB/s Sub

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 5

• All equipment in the network use the same clock source

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 6

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 7

Synchronous Higher Order Lower Order

: Aligning VC12 C12 2048kb/s

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 8

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 9

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 10

Byte Interleaved Multiplexing

STM -1 BBB AU4

ABC - - - - NABC - - - - NABC - - - -

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 11

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

ＳＯＨ 9 (bytes) PAYLOAD (261 bytes)

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 12

STM-1 : Synchronous Transport Module Level-

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 13

MUX RRT RRR RRT MUX

RSOH Regenerator Section Regenerator Section

Multiplex Section Multiplex Section Multiplex Section

MST MST RST MST MST

MUX RRT RRR RRT MUX

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 14

Multiplex Equipment Multiplex Equipment

C-1,2 VC-1,2 VC-1,2 C-1,2

RSOH : Regenerator Section Overhead

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 15

VC4 VC3 VC3

MUX MUX RT RT MUX

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 16

A1,A2 : Frame Alignment

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 17

• A1, A2 : Frame alignment signal

• J0 : Regenerator section trace

• B1 : Bit Interleaved Parity - 8

• B2 : Bit Interleaved Parity -24

• E1 : Order wire for regenerator section

• E2 : Order wire for multiplex section

• D1 - D3 : Data Communication Channel for Regenerator Section (DCCr)

• D4 - D12 : Data Communication Channel for Multiplex Section (DCCm)

• K1, K2 : APS Channel (Automatic Protection Switching)

• M1 : Section Status Reporting

Frame #n+1 Ptr

B1 byte is monitored and renewed

Result of Even Parity Frame #n+1

Guide to SDH2 Guide to SDH 20