SDH Principle ISSUE 2

Internal
SDH Principle
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

 Upon completion of this course, you will
be able to:
 Understand the basic of SDH
multiplexing standard
 Know the features, applications and
advantages of SDH based equipment
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2

Chapter1 SDH Overview
Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
Chapter3 Overheads & Pointers

References
 SDH Principle Manual
 ITU-T G.701, G.702, G.707

Emergence of SDH
What is SDH?
---- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
---- It defines a standard frame structure, with a
specific multiplexing method, fixed digital rates
hierarchy and interface code pattern.
Why did SDH emerge?

---- Need for a system to process increasing
amounts of information.
---- New standard that allows interconnecting
equipment of different suppliers.

Disadvantages of PDH (Multiplexing methods)
 PDH : Asynchronous Multiplexing
 The location of low-rate signals in high-rate signals is neither regular nor predictable
140 Mb/s 140 Mb/s
34 Mb/s 34 Mb/s
8 Mb/s 8 Mb/s
Demultiplexers Multiplexers
Level by level More equipment to achieve this functionality

Not suitable for huge-volume transmission
2 Mb/s
More equipment  More floor space
Headache for network planners More power  More costs

Advantages of SDH (Interfaces)
 PDH  SDH
Electrical interfaces Electrical interfaces
--- Only regional standards. --- Can access all existing PDH signals.
3 different PDH rate hierarchies: European Optical interfaces

(2.048 Mb/s), Japanese, North American --- Can be connected to different
(1.544 Mb/s). vendors’ optical transmission equipments.
Optical interfaces
--- No standards on equipment for optical
line, manufacturers develop at their will.

Advantages of SDH (Multiplexing method)
Byte interleaved multiplexing method
Low rate SDH to higher rate SDH One Byte from

STM-1
A STM-1 B
(STM-1 STM-4 STM-16  STM-64)
A A A
STM-1
B …
B B B 4:1 STM-4
C
STM-1
C
C
--- Synchronous multiplexing method and
D
STM-1
flexible mapping structure
D D --- Multistage pointer to align PDH loads in
What about PDH? SDH frame, thus, dynamic drop-and-insert
capabilities

Advantages of SDH (OAM function)
 PDH  SDH
 Weak Operation,  Abundant overheads bytes for operation,

Administration & administration and maintenance
Maintenance function  About 5% of the total bytes are being used
 Overhead bytes for management
 Remote & Centralized Management
 Fast circuit provisioning from centralized
point
 Advanced facilities for service quality
monitoring

Advantages of SDH (Compatibility)
STM-N
STM-N Transmit Receive
Processing Processing
SDH Network
Container Container
Pack Unpack
PDH SDH ATM Ethernet PDH SDH ATM Ethernet
Service Signal Flow Model

Comparison between SDH and PDH
Low bandwidth utilization ratio
Signal Digital Bit Rate Channels

E0 64 kbit/s One 64 kbit/s PDH Hierarchy
E1 2.048 Mbit/s 32 E0
E2 8.448 Mbit/s 128 E0
E3 34.368 Mbit/s 16 E1
E4 139.264 Mbit/s 64 E1
Bit Rate Abbreviated SDH SDH Capacity
155.52 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s STM-1 63 E1, 3 E3 or 1 E4

622.08 Mbit/s 622 Mbit/s STM-4 252 E1, 12 E3 or 4 E4
2488.32Mbit/s 2.5 Gbit/s STM-16 1008 E1, 48 E3 or 16 E4
9953.28Mbit/s 10 Gbit/s STM-64 4032 E1, 192 E3, 64 E4
SDH Hierarchy

SDH Frame Structure
Frame = 125 us
From ITU-T G.707:
1. One frame lasts for 125

microseconds (8000 frames/s)
2. Rectangular block structure 9
rows and 270 columns (Basic
9
12345678
frame: STM-1)
9 rows
3. Each unit is one byte (8 bits)
4. Transmission mode: Byte by
byte, row by row, from left to
right, from top to bottom
270 Columns
Bit rate of STM-1= 9*270*8*8000

SDH Frame Structure
Frame = 125 us
RSOH
 Three parts:
9
12345678
AU-PTR Information
 SOH 9 rows
Payload
 AU-Pointer
MSOH
 Information Payload
270 Columns

SDH Frame Structure
Information Payload
√ Also known as Virtual Container level 4 (VC-4)
√ Used to transport low speed tributary signals
√ Contains low rate signals and Path Overhead (POH)
√ Location: rows #1 ~ #9, columns #10 ~ #270
LPOH, TU-PTR
RSOH
package
AU-PTR
H
HPO
9 rows Payload low rate signal
MSOH package
LPOH, TU-PTR
9 1 Data
package
270 Columns

SDH Frame Structure
Section Overhead
Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM

Types of Section Overhead
RSOH
1. RSOH monitors the regenerator
9
123
AU-PTR Information section

9 rows 2. MSOH monitors the multiplexing
Payload
5678
section
MSOH Location:
1. RSOH: rows #1 ~ #3,
columns #1 ~ #9
2. MSOH: rows #5 ~ #9,
9
columns #1 ~ #9
270 Columns

SDH Frame Structure
AU-PTR
RSOH
Function:
Indicates the first byte of VC4
4 AU-PTR Information
Location: 9 rows
Payload
row #4, columns #1 ~ #9
MSOH
J1
270 Columns

SDH Multiplexing Features
 SDH Multiplexing includes:
 Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1  STM-N)

 PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M  STM-N)
 Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (IP  STM-N)
 Some terms and definitions:
 Mapping
 Aligning
 Multiplexing
Go to glossary

SDH Multiplexing Structure
×1 ×1 AU-4-64c VC-4-64c C-4-64c
STM-64 AUG-64
×4
×1 ×1
STM-16 AUG-16 AU-4-16c VC-4-16c C-4-16c
×4
×1 ×1
STM-4 AUG-4 AU-4-4c VC-4-4c C-4-4c
×4
×1
×1
STM-1 AUG-1 AU-4 VC-4 C-4 E4 signal
×3
Mapping ×1
TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 E3 signal
Aligning
×7
Multiplexing
TUG-2
Go to glossary
TU-12 VC-12 C-12 E1 signal
×3

SDH Tributary Multiplexing (140M)
140 Mbit/s to STM-N
C4 VC4
1
1
H
140M Rate adaptation Add HPOH P Next
O
H
9 Mapping 9
1 260 261
1
125 μs 125μs

AUG-1 1 STM-1 270
10 270
RSOH
Add Info
AU-PTR AU-4 Add
AU-PTR SOH AU-PTR Payload
X1
MSOH
9
Aligning Multiplexing
1 STM-N
AUG-N 270X N
One STM-1 frame can load only Add

one 140Mbit/s Signal SOH
9

34 Mbit/s to STM-N
C3 VC3
1 1
L
34M Rate Add LPOH P
Adaptation Next
O
H
9 9
84 Mapping 85
1 1
125μs 125μs

TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4
1 86 1 86 1 3 261
1 1 1
H1 H1
H2 H2
H3 H3 H
Fill P
1st ×3
gap R R
align O
R
H
9 9 9
Aligning Multiplexing Same
procedure
as 140M

2 Mbit/s to STM-N
VC12 TU12
C12
1 4 1 LPOH 4 1 4
1 1 1
Rate Add Add Next

2M
Adaptation LPOH TU-PTR page
9 9 9
125μs Aligning
Mapping TU-PTR

TUG-2 TUG-3
1 12 1 86
1 1
R R
X3 X7
9 9
Same
Multiplexing Multiplexing
procedure
as 34M

Questions
 What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure?
 What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?

Glossary
 Mapping - A process used when tributaries are adapted into VCs by adding POH information
 Aligning - This process takes place when a pointer is included in a Tributary Unit (TU) or an
Administrative Unit (AU), to allow the 1st byte of the VC to be located
 Multiplexing - This process is used when multiple low-order path signals are adapted into a
higher-order path signal, or when high-order path signals are adapted into a Multiplexing Section
Back
 C = Container
 VC = Virtual Container
 TU = Tributary Unit
 AU = Administrative Unit
 TUG = Tributary Unit Group
 AUG = Administrative Unit Group
 STM = Synchronous Transport Module Back
 POH = Path Overhead


Overheads
Overheads
Section Path
Overhead Overhead
(SOH) (POH)
Multiplex Section High Order Path Low Order Path

Regenerator Section
Overhead Overhead Overhead
Overhead (RSOH)
(MSOH) (HPOH) (LPOH)

Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X J1
2 B1 ● ● E1 ● F1 X X B3
RSOH
3 D1 ● ● D2 ● D3   C2
HPOH: VC-3/4
4 AU-PTR G1
5 B2 B2 B2 K1 K2 F2
6 D4  D5 D6 H4
MSOH
7 D7 D8 D9 F3
8 D10 D11 D12  K3
9 S1 M1 E2 N1
● Media dependent bytes (Radio-link, Satellite) V5 J2 N2 K4

X Reserved for National use
 Huawei propriety bytes LPOH: VC-11/12

A1 and A2 Bytes
 Framing Bytes
 Indicate the beginning of the STM-N frame

 Bytes are unscrambled
 A1 = f6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)
 STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes
STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N
Finding frame head

A1 and A2 Bytes
Frame
N over 625μs
Find (5 frames)
A1,A2
OOF
Y
over 3ms
LOF
Next AIS
process

D1 ~ D12 Bytes
 Data Communications Channel (DCC) Bytes
 RS-DCC – D1 ~ D3 – 192 Kbit/s (3x64 Kbit/s)

 MS-DCC – D4 ~ D12 – 576 Kbit/s (9x64 Kbit/s)
NE NE NE NE
DCC channel
TMN OAM Information: Operation, Administration and
maintenance

E1 and E2 Bytes
 Orderwire Bytes
 E1 – RS Orderwire Byte  Used between regenerators

 E2 – MS Orderwire Byte  Used between multiplexers
NE NE NE NE
E1 and E2
Digital telephone channel

E1-RS, E2-MS

B1 Byte
 Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte
 A parity code (even parity)

 Used to check the transmission errors over the RS
 B1 BBE is represented by RS-BBE (performance event)
B1 STM-N
Tx Rx
A1 00110011
A2 11001100
A3 10101010 1#STM-N Calculate B1 = AA 2#STM-N
BIP-8 A4 00001111
B 01011010 2#STM-N B1 = A Calculate B1 = A’ 1#STM-N

Compare A’ & A  B1 BBE

B2 Byte
 Bit interleaved Parity Code (MS BIP-24) Byte
 BIP-24 is used to check the bit errors over the MS

 B2 BBE is represented by MS-BBE (performance event)
 The working mechanism of B2 is same as B1

M1 Byte
 Multiplexing Section Remote Error Indication Byte
 A return message from Rx to Tx ,when Rx find B2 bit erro

rs
 Value is the same as the count of BIP-24xN (B2) bit erro
rs
 Tx generate
Traffic
corresponding performance event MS-FEBBE
Tx Rx
Generat Return
e M1 Find B2 bit
MS- errors
FEBBE Generate MS-
MS-REI BBE
K1 and K2 (b1-b5) Bytes
Automatic
Protection
Switching (APS)
bytes I
I I
I
S WTR
S P WTR
P P P
Used for network multiplexing

Transmitting APS protocol
protection switch function

K2 (b6 ~ b8) Byte Start
 Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "111“
 Generate MS-AIS alarm Detect

K2 (b6-b8) 110
 Rx detects K2 (b6-b8) = "110"
 Generate MS-RDI alarm 111
Generate
MS-AIS
Return Generate
MS-RDI MS-RDI

S1 Byte
 Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSB): S1
 b1 ~ b4  Value indicates the external clock ID (Extended SSM)

 b5 ~ b8  Value indicates the sync. Level (Standard SSM)
bits 5 ~ 8 Description
0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)
0010 G.811 PRC
0100 SSU-A (G.812 transit)
1000 SSU-B (G.812 local)
1011 G.813 (Sync. Equipment Timing Clock)
1111 Do not use for sync (DNU).

Path Overheads
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
J1 VC-n Path Trace Byte
B3 Path BIP-8
C2 Path Signal Label
G1 Path Status
F2 Path User Channel
H4 TU Multiframe Indi
F3 Path User Channel
K3 AP Switching
N1 Network Operator
Higher Order Path Overhead

J1Byte
Detect J1
 Path trace byte
 The first byte of VC-4

 User-programmable (HUAWEI
SBS) N Y
Match
 The received J1 should match the
expected J1
Next
HP-TIM process

B3 Byte
 Path bit parity
 Even parity code Verify B3

 Used to detect bit errors
 Mechanism is same as B1and B2
N Y
Correct
HP-BBE Next
process

C2 Byte
Detect C2
 Signal label byte
 The received C2 should match with the

expected C2
N Y
 Specifies the mapping type in the VC-n 00H
 00 H  Unequipped
Y N
 02 H  TUG structure Match HP-UNEQ
 04 H  E3/T3 mapping into C3

 12 H  E4 mapping into C4 Next HP-SLM
process
 13 H  ATM mapping
Insert AIS
downward

Path Overheads
Low Order Path Overhead
1 4
1 V5 J2 N2 K4
 V5
VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12  First byte of the multi-frame

 Indicated by TU-PTR
 Error checking, Signal Label and Path Status of VC-12
 b1- b2  Error Performance Monitoring (BIP-2)
 b3  Return Error detected in VC-12 (LP-
9 REI)
 b4  Return Failure declared in VC-12 (LP-
500μs VC-12 multi-frame
RFI)
 b5 ~ b7 Signal Label for VC-12
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.  b8

All rights reserved  Page
Indicate
45 Defect in VC-12 path (LP-RDI)
Pointers
Pointers
Bytes indicated
Administrative Tributary
Unit Pointer Unit Pointer AU-PTR VC-4  J1
(AU-PTR) (TU-PTR) TU-PTR VC-3  J1
VC-12 V5

AU-PTR
1
Negative Positive
RSOH
justification justification
4
H1YYH2FF H3H3H3 0 --- 1--- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 125μs
1 522 --- 523 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 608
RSOH
696 --- 697 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 782
4 H1YYH2FFH3H3H3 0 --- 1 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 86
87 --- 88 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 173
MSOH
9 435 --- 436 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 521 250μs
1 9 270

TU-PTR
TU Multi-frame 500μs
1 4
1
H1
H2
TU POINTERS
H3 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12
VC3
9 V1 V2 V3 V4
TU POINTERS

Questions
 Which byte is used to report the MS-AIS and MS-RDI?
 What is the mechanism for R-LOF generation?
 Which byte implements the RS(MS/HP) error monitoring?

Summary  SDH Overview
 SDH Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods
 Overhead & Pointers

Thank You
www.huawei.com

SDH Principle ISSUE 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

SDH Principle ISSUE 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Internal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

Chapter3 Overheads & Pointers

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 3

 SDH Principle Manual

 ITU-T G.701, G.702, G.707

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 4

Why did SDH emerge?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 5

140 Mb/s 140 Mb/s

Level by level More equipment to achieve this functionality

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 6

Electrical interfaces Electrical interfaces

3 different PDH rate hierarchies: European Optical interfaces

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 7

Low rate SDH to higher rate SDH One Byte from

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 8

 Weak Operation,  Abundant overheads bytes for operation,

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 9

PDH SDH ATM Ethernet PDH SDH ATM Ethernet

Service Signal Flow Model

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 10

Signal Digital Bit Rate Channels

Bit Rate Abbreviated SDH SDH Capacity

155.52 Mbit/s 155 Mbit/s STM-1 63 E1, 3 E3 or 1 E4

9953.28Mbit/s 10 Gbit/s STM-64 4032 E1, 192 E3, 64 E4

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

Chapter3 Overheads & Pointers

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 12

1. One frame lasts for 125

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 13

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 14

9 rows Payload low rate signal

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 15

Functions: Fulfills the section layer OAM

AU-PTR Information section

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 16

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 17

 SDH Multiplexing includes:

 Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1  STM-N)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 18

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 19

140 Mbit/s to STM-N

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 20

One STM-1 frame can load only Add

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 21

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 22

TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 23

Rate Add Add Next

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 24

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 25

 What are the main parts of SDH Frame structure?

 What is the transmission rate of STM-4? How to calculate it ?

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 26

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 27

Chapter2 Frame Structure & Multiplexing Methods

Chapter3 Overheads & Pointers

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 28

Multiplex Section High Order Path Low Order Path

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 29