Feminist Theory Feminist Perspective

Social Change and Social
Development Perspectives
by: Prof. Yolanda G. Ealdama
Compiled by: Ms. Ethel Jane M. Queppet

Why should a social worker be interested in
social change?
- Social work promotes social change, problem

solving in human relationships and the
empowerment and liberation of people to
enhance well-being. Utilizing theories of human
behavior and social systems, social work
intervenes at the points where people interact
with their environment. Principles of human rights
and social justice are fundamental to social work
(IASSW & IFSW, 2001)
What is Social Change?
MACRO SOCIAL CHANGE e.g. globalization

- an alteration from the existing state of affairs
in society
- alteration in social dynamics, social structures,
social institutions etc. broader scale
MICRO SOCIAL CHANGE e.g. family structures;

alteration in gender dynamics
- changes in the day to day interaction between
and among individuals or groups
Patterns of Social Change
1.Linear – social change follows a straight
path e.g. social Darwinism Spencer,
Durkheim, Toinnes
2.Cyclical – social change follows a cycle

e.g. “history repeat itself” (Plato, Spengler)
3.Dialectical – spiral… thesis –anti-thesis-

synthesis (Hegel, Marx)
SOCIAL CHANGE
SOCIAL CHANGE
Refers to constant creation,
negotiation and re-creation
of social order.
SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
SOCIAL REFORM
Sources of Social Change
• Invention – an original creation which is useful to individuals or
society in general
• Discovery – an act of finding an element or thing which has not been
recognized earlier
• Conflict – (political, ideological, religious, ethnic etc.)- clash of ideas,
perceptions or perspective which may lead to violent actions
• Ideology’
• Social or political philosophy
Means of Social Change
• Diffusion- act of spreading ideas, beliefs, objects, etc. through
migration, colonization, mass communication etc.
• Revolution – radical social change usually through armed strategies
where the victors have the power to install new structures and
systems
• Social action – planned collective action to address a social issue
• Social movements – a collective link by common ideas dynamically
launched series of social actions in order to achieve a specific social
objective
Cont.
• Development planning – act of state and other stakeholders to
consciously assess, prepare strategically courses of action in order to
address social problems (economic, political, socio-cultural etc.)
• Free the market and roll back the state – neoliberal strategy of
privatization, deregulation, liberalization
• Legislative action – process of enacting policies and laws to provide
and environment conducive to the enhancement of well being
Cont.
• International agreements – multilateral/bilateral commitments
entered into by state representatives
• Social work interventions
Planned change – social change happens through a
process of assessment, planning, and strategic
implementation of plans.
Importance of
Social Change
PHILIPPINE REALITIES AND THEIR IMPLICATION TO SOCIAL
WORK
Transformative Social Work
• Through the years, the profession has adopted and pursued
social work models and interventions that have confronted
oppression and exploitation as central issues in the world
and society without abandoning the delivery of needed
social services and interventions to the marginalized
sections of the population.
• But since the profession is woven and embedded in human
relations, Social Work continues to and should confront
real-life conflicts on a daily basis.
SOCIAL WORK BOARD REVIEW 2019

To transform something, is to cause a
metamorphosis in form of structure, a change

in the very condition or nature of a thing, a
change into another substance, a radical
change in outward form or inner character
(James Burns).
Child Exploitation
• Child Labor
• Armed Conflict
• Trafficking -
Prostitution
• Unpaid labor in
Family
• Syndicates
Children are trafficked for:
• child sexual exploitation

• forced marriage
• domestic servitude such as cleaning,
childcare, cooking
• forced labour in factories or
agriculture
• organs
• criminal activity (e. g. pickpocketing,
begging, transporting drugs, working
on cannabis farms, theft)
Child Prostitution
• Around 100,000 are involved

in child prostitution
• In the Philippines (ILO, 2009)
Statistics: PWDs in the Philippines
• About 16 per thousand of the

country’s population had
disability.
• Of the 92.1 million household
population in the country, 1,443
million
persons or 1.57 percent had
disability (2010 CPH).
• The recorded figure of persons
with disability (PWD) in the 2000
CPH was 935,551 persons, which
was 1.23 percent of the household
population.
What are
the types
• Vision Impairment
of
• Deaf
disability?
• Speech Impairment
• Mental Health Illness
• Intellectual and Learning Disability
• Acquired Brain Injury
• Autism Spectrum Disorder
• Physical Disability
SOCIAL WORK BOARD REVIEW 2019 Senior Citizens
Spread/Location of
IP’s in our country
• 12 million of IP’s
belonging to 112
ethnolinguistic groups in
the country comprise
nearly 15% of the total
population of the
country.
Migration
• Overseas Filipino Worker/Migrant Worker – refers to a person
who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a
renumerated activity in a state of which he or she is not a
citizen or on board a vessel navigating foreign seas other than
a government ship used for military or non-commercial
purposes, or on an installation located offshores or on high
seas

PULL Factors in International Labor Migration of Filipinos
• Change in immigration policies of some countries facilitated

permanent migration
• Discovery of oil and development of oil fields in Gulf made the Gulf
region as a major destination area
• The industrialization of some countries in Southeast and East Asia
which made them seek laborers from developing and least developed
regions
• Industrialization in developed countries allowed women to seek
employment outside the home. Hence, demand for caregivers from
less developed and developing countries increased.
PUSH Factors in international migration
• Culture of migration because of the archipelagic nature of the
Philippines
• Lack of employment opportunities
• Wage differential
• Escape from domestic violence
• Seek payment for debts

• POEA reports 1,281,506 OFWs deployed from last January
to September 2018 This includes some 1.1M land-based
workers and 223,477 sea-based workers.

Positive impact of Labor Migration
• Economic benefits
• Enhanced status
• Contribution to
• macro-economy
• Autonomy/
• independence
Negative impact of international labor migration
• Psycho-social effects on left

behind family members
• Depression, truancy,
teenage pregnancy, etc.
• Disintegration of family
• Alienation from family
members
Conditional Cash Transfer

Climate Change
• Increase in average global

temperature - global warming
affects people and
environment. Due to the
increase in carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gasses
in the atmosphere which
creates the greenhouse
effect.
Greenhouse effect
• Energy from the sun drive the earth’s weather and climate, and
heats the earth’s surface;
• In turn, the earth radiates energy back into space;
• Some atmosphere gases (water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other
gases) trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat
somewhat like the glass panels of a greenhouse;
• These gases are therefore known a greenhouse gases
• The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature on earth as
certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy.
Impact of • Destruction of the eco-system
climate • Extreme weather patterns e.g. super

typhoons – loss of lives, property and
change resources
• Acidification of oceans leads to
destruction of sea living creatures – loss
of biodiversity
• Rising sea levels which may affect small
island formations like the Philippines
• Increase in outbreak of diseases
• Decrease in agricultural output = hunger
Social Change and Development
Perspectives
Feminist theory &
Feminist perspective
Feminism is theory that men and
women should be equal politically,
economically and socially.
• Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into
theoretical, fictional, or philosophical discourse. It aims
to understand the nature of gender inequality. It
examines women's and men's social roles, experiences,
interests, chores, and feminist politics in a variety of
fields
• The term feminism can be used to describe a political,

cultural or economic movement aimed at establishing
equal rights and legal protection for women.
Women's Experience
● Subordination
● Discrimination
● Oppression
Right to Vote granted to Women first in New
Zealand in 1983, in United Kingdom in
1918 and in the United States of America in
1920
• Three Key Features of First Wave Feminism
* Discrimination
* Emancipation or Freedom from Discrimination
* Equality - Women wanted to see themselves
equal to men in all aspects
FIRST WAVE
The period of Women's Movement between 1848 to
1920 is called the FIRST WAVE
Main Demands:
• Full Citizenship like Men (Legal and Political Equality)
• Suffrage or Right to Vote
• Right to vote would solve all women's problem
Relaunching the Feminist Movement
• First Wave Feminist achieved Legal and Political
Equality, but the movement ended with faulty
assumption
• Employment Opportunities: Women got a job only in
those sectors which were considered extension of
their nature. ex. Nurse, Teacher
• Educational Opportunities: Women got to study in
college but choice of subject was very limited
SECOND WAVE
Two Approaches (Liberal and Radical)
•Liberal Approach -revival of demands of first
wave feminist: demand for social, economic
and educational
•Betty Friedan's landmark book of 1963 "The
Feminine Mystique"
Three Key Features of Second Wave Feminism
• Oppression
- Women all over the world experience male
dominance oppression
Second Wave Feminism gave rise to:

• The category 'women' encompassed the experience of
all women across the world.
THIRD WAVE
Cont.
• Third-wave feminism began in the early 1990s, arising as
a response to perceived failures of the second wave and
as a response to the backlash against initiatives and
movements created by the second wave.
• Third-wave feminism seeks to challenge or avoid what it
deems the second wave's essentialist definitions of
femininity, which (according to them) over-emphasize
the experiences of upper middle-class white women.
Cultural Feminism
The theory that there are fundamental
personality differences between men and
women, and that women's differences are
special and should be celebrated. This theory of
feminism supports the notion that there are
biological differences between men and women.
For example, "women are kinder and more
gentle then men," leading to the mentality that if
women ruled the world there would be no wars.
•Ecofeminism
Ecofeminism is a theory that rests on the
basic principal that patriarchal
philosophies are harmful to women,
children, and other living things. They
feel that the patriarchal philosophy
emphasizes the need to dominate and
control unruly females and the unruly
wilderness.
Material Feminism
A movement that began in the late 19th
century focused on liberating by
improving their material condition. This
movement revolved around taking the
"burden" off women in regards to
housework, cooking, and other
traditional female domestic jobs.
Amazon Feminism
• Amazon feminism focuses on physical equality and is
opposed to gender role stereotypes and discrimination
against women based on assumptions that women are
supposed to be, look, or behave as if they are passive,
weak and physically helpless. Amazon feminism rejects
the idea that certain characteristics or interests are
inherently masculine (or feminine), and upholds and
explores a vision of heroic womanhood. Amazon
feminists tend to view that all women are as physically
capable as all men.
• Source: http://www.amazoncastle.com/feminism/ecocult.shtml
Ecological systems theory
Similarities of Systems Perspective with
Ecological Perspective
• Interrelatedness of human
being
• Role of institutions
• Interactions of human being
with their social
environment
• Interaction of human beings
with each other
Territories
The country has

• 18 regions,
• 81 provinces,
• 1,489 municipalities,
• 42,036 barangays.
Major Dialects
The Philippines has eight major

dialects:
• Bikol
• Cebuano
• Hiligaynon (Ilonggo)
• Ilocano
• Kapampangan
• Pangasinan
• Tagalog
• Waray
Religion
• The Philippines proudly boasts o to be the only
Christian nation in Asia. More than 86 percent is

Roman Catholic, 6 percent belong to various
nationalist Christian cults, another two percent
belong to well over 100 Protestant
denominations. In addition to the Christian
majority, there is a vigorous four percent Muslim
minority, concentrated on the southern islands of
Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan. Scattered in
isolated mountainous regions, the remaining two
per cent follow non-Western, indigenous beliefs
and practices.
Culture/Cultural Practices
• Bayanihan
• Close family ties
• Pakikisama
• Hiya
• Utang na loob
• Amor proprio – concern for
self-image
• Delicadeza – sense of honor
• Palabra de honor – “word of
honor”
Population
• Population growth - refers to the number of persons
added to or subtracted from a population in a given year
due to natural increase and net migration expressed as a
percentage of the population at the beginning of the time
period
• The population of the Philippines as of August 1, 2015
was 100,981,437, based on the 2015 Census of
Population (POPCEN 2015).

Social Realities
• Existing
conditions

Dependency Theory
Is the notion that resources flow from a “periphery” of
poor and underdeveloped states to a “core "of wealthy
states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.
• Poor nations provide natural resources, cheaps labor,
destination of obsolete technoilogy and markets for
developed nations without which latter could not have
the standard of living they enjoy
• Wealthy nations actively perpetuate a state of
dependency by various means; economic, media, politics
banking & finance, education, culture, sports, etc.
Theory of Dualism
• Theory of Dualism- society’s economy is divided into traditional
& modern sectors
• 1. agriculture & other labour-intensive, traditional occupations
both depend on how level of technology
• 2. manufacturing & modern agricultural production which are
technologically advanced & using intensive capital
• Development by displacement due to its detrimental effects
like its high costs & inequality of income distribution;
• “disarticulated” development since there is no integration
between the traditional & modern sectors of the economy
resulting in the widening gap between the two sectors
World System Theory
World system theory (Immanuel Wallerstein- 1974)- deals
with the totality of the economic systems of the world
operated by a myriad of forces all interacting with one
another; every economic system irrespective of ideology
is part of a complex whole that any change in it can surely
affect all the other economic systems (mutual
interdependence)
- a set of mechanism which redistributes resources
from the periphery (underdeveloped countries) to the
core (developed countries ) part of the world
Structural Theory
• Structuralism is a development theory which focuses on
structural aspects which impede the economic growth of
developing countries
• Increased savings and investment as necessary but not
suffivcinet for economic development
• In addition to capital accumulation, transformation of
production, composition of demand, and changes in socio-
economic factors are all important.
• The “correct mix” of economic policies domestic and
international will generate beneficial patterns of self sustaining
growth.
Structuralist theory
-Process of development cannot be left alone to
market forces because in Third world countries,
there are structural (social, economic &
political) and historical roadblocks to
development.
-Emphasizes interactions between various
components of the economy (social, political) &
its overall macroeconomics structure, in
contrast to a focus on individual components.
Neoliberalism
-Freeing up the economy by removing barriers &
restrictions to create laissez-faire atmosphere
Main points:
-Rule of the market- liberating private, enterprises from
any bonds imposed by govt.
-Cutting public expenditures for social services
-Deregulation- reduce govt regulations
-Privatization
-Eliminating the concept of “public good” or community
and replacing to individual responsibility

Feminist Theory Feminist Perspective

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Social Change and Social

Compiled by: Ms. Ethel Jane M. Queppet

- Social work promotes social change, problem

MACRO SOCIAL CHANGE e.g. globalization

MICRO SOCIAL CHANGE e.g. family structures;

2.Cyclical – social change follows a cycle

3.Dialectical – spiral… thesis –anti-thesis-

SOCIAL WORK BOARD REVIEW 2019

metamorphosis in form of structure, a change

• child sexual exploitation

• Around 100,000 are involved

• About 16 per thousand of the

IP’s in our country

SOCIAL WORK BOARD REVIEW 2019

• Change in immigration policies of some countries facilitated

SOCIAL WORK BOARD REVIEW 2019

SOCIAL WORK BOARD REVIEW 2019

• Psycho-social effects on left

Conditional Cash Transfer

• Increase in average global

climate • Extreme weather patterns e.g. super

• The term feminism can be used to describe a political,

Second Wave Feminism gave rise to:

The country has

The Philippines has eight major

Christian nation in Asia. More than 86 percent is

SOCIAL WORK BOARD REVIEW 2019

SOCIAL WORK BOARD REVIEW 2019

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