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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Explain how changes in activity affect
contribution margin.
2. Compute the contribution margin ratio (CM)
ratio and use it to compute changes in
contribution margin and net income.
3. Show the effects on contribution margin of
changes in variable costs, fixed costs, selling
price and volume.
4. Compute the break-even point by both the
equation method and the contribution margin
method.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
5. Prepare a cost-volume-profit (CVP) graph and
explain the significance of each of its
components.
6. Use the CVP formulas to determine the activity
level needed to achieve a desired target profit.
7. Compute the margin of safety and explain its
significance.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
8. Compute the degree of operating leverage at a
particular level of sales and explain how the
degree of operating leverage can be used to
predict changes to net income.
9. Compute the break-even point for a multiple
product company and explain the effects of
shifts in the sales mix on contribution margin
and the break-even point.
10. (Appendix 6A) Understand cost-volume-profit
with uncertainty.
The Basics of Cost-Volume-Profit
(CVP) Analysis
400
400 Bikes
Bikes 500
500 Bikes
Bikes
Sales
Sales $$200,000
200,000 $$250,000
250,000
Less:
Less: variable
variable expenses
expenses 120,000
120,000 150,000
150,000
Contribution
Contribution margin
margin 80,000
80,000 100,000
100,000
Less:
Less: fixed
fixed expenses
expenses 80,000
80,000 80,000
80,000
Net
Net income
income $$ -- $$ 20,000
20,000
400
400 Bikes
Bikes 500
500 Bikes
Bikes
Sales
Sales $$200,000
200,000 $$250,000
250,000
Less:
Less: variable
variable expenses
expenses 120,000
120,000 150,000
150,000
Contribution
Contribution margin
margin 80,000
80,000 100,000
100,000
Less:
Less: fixed
fixed expenses
expenses 80,000
80,000 80,000
80,000
Net
Net income
income $$ -- $$ 20,000
20,000
Sales
Salesincreased
increasedby
by$20,000,
$20,000, but
but net
net
income
income decreased
decreased by
by$2,000
$2,000..
Changes in Fixed Costs and Sales
Volume
OR
Total
Total Per
PerUnit
Unit Percent
Percent
Sales
Sales(500
(500bikes)
bikes) $$250,000
250,000 $$ 500
500 100%
100%
Less:
Less:variable
variableexpenses
expenses 150,000
150,000 300
300 60%
60%
Contribution
Contributionmargin
margin $$100,000
100,000 $$ 200
200 40%
40%
Less:
Less:fixed
fixedexpenses
expenses 80,000
80,000
Net
Netincome
income $$ 20,000
20,000
Equation Method
We calculate the break-even point as follows:
Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits
Where:
Q = Number of bikes sold
$500 = Unit sales price
$300 = Unit variable expenses
$80,000 = Total fixed expenses
Equation Method
We calculate the break-even point as follows:
Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits
$200Q = $80,000
Q = 400 bikes
Equation Method
We can also use the following equation to
compute the break-even point in sales dollars.
Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits
X = 0.60X + $80,000 + $0
Where:
X = Total sales dollars
0.60 = Variable expenses as a
percentage of sales
$80,000 = Total fixed expenses
Equation Method
We can also use the following equation to
compute the break-even point in sales dollars.
Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Profits
X = 0.60X + $80,000 + $0
0.40X = $80,000
X = $200,000
Contribution Margin Method
Income
Income Income
Income Income
Income
300
300 units
units 400
400 units
units 500
500 units
units
Sales
Sales $$ 150,000
150,000 $$ 200,000
200,000 $$250,000
250,000
Less:
Less: variable
variable expenses
expenses 90,000
90,000 120,000
120,000 150,000
150,000
Contribution
Contribution margin
margin $$ 60,000
60,000 $$ 80,000
80,000 $$100,000
100,000
Less:
Less: fixed
fixed expenses
expenses 80,000
80,000 80,000
80,000 80,000
80,000
Net
Net income
income (loss)
(loss) $$ (20,000)
(20,000) $$ -- $$ 20,000
20,000
CVP Graph
400,000
350,000
300,000
200,000
50,000
-
400
500
100
200
300
600
700
800
-
Units
CVP Graph
400,000
350,000
300,000
Total Sales
250,000
Dollars
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
-
400
500
100
200
300
600
700
800
-
Units
CVP Graph
400,000
350,000
rea
it A
300,000 o f
Pr
250,000
Dollars
200,000
Break-even point
150,000
100,000
rea
A
50,000 o ss
L
-
400
500
100
200
300
600
700
800
-
Units
Target Profit Analysis
$200Q = $180,000
Q = 900 bikes
The Contribution Margin Approach
$80,000 + $100,000
= 900 bikes
$200
The Margin of Safety
Actual
Actual sales
sales
500
500 Bikes
Bikes
Sales
Sales $$ 250,000
250,000
Less:
Less: variable
variable expenses
expenses 150,000
150,000
Contribution
Contribution margin
margin 100,000
100,000
Less:
Less: fixed
fixed expenses
expenses 80,000
80,000
Net
Net income
income $$ 20,000
20,000
$100,000 = 5
$20,000
Operating Leverage
We made
it!