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FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT:
AN OVERVIEW
Reading:
Comparison Tools of
Characteristics Bases Analysis
Intracompany
Profitability Horizontal
Industry
Liquidity Vertical
averages
Solvency Ratio
Intercompany
Horizontal Analysis
Horizontal analysis of In the horizontal analysis of the balance sheet the ending retained earnings
retained earnings
statements increased 38.6%. As indicated earlier, the company retained a significant
portion of net income to finance additional plant facilities.
Vertical Analysis
Vertical analysis, also called common-size analysis, is a technique
that expresses each financial statement item as a percent of a base
amount.
On an income statement, we might say that selling expenses are
16% of net sales.
Quality appears
to be a profitable enterprise
that is becoming even more
successful.
Vertical Analysis
Intercompany income
statement comparison
Ratio Analysis
Ratio analysis involves assessing how various line items in a firm’s financial
statements relate to one another
3. Intercompany comparisons.
Liquidity Ratios
Illustration 18-12
Current Ratio
Ratio of 2.96:1 means that for every dollar of current liabilities, Quality
has $2.96 of current assets.
Acid-Test Ratio
The quick, or acid test, ratio is calculated by deducting inventories and other prepaid expenses
from current assets and then dividing the remainder by current liabilities.
Acid-Test Ratio
QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC. QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC.
Condensed Balance Sheets Balance Sheet (partial)
For the Years Ended December 31 For the Years Ended December 31
Illustration 18-12
Acid-Test Ratio
$2,097,000
= 10.2 times
($180,000 + $230,000) / 2
A variant of the accounts receivable turnover ratio is to convert it
to an average collection period in terms of days.
Measures the number of times, on average, the inventory is sold during the
period
It is defined as cost of goods sold divided by average inventories
(beginning plus ending divided by two).
QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC. QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC.
Balance Sheet (partial) Condensed Income Statements
For the Years Ended December 31 For the Years Ended December 31
Illustration 18-12
Inventory Turnover
.
Inventory Turnover
$1,281,000
= 2.3 times
($500,000 + $620,000) / 2
Illustration 18-12
Asset Turnover
Return on Asset
The ratio of net income to total assets measures the return on total assets (ROA) after interest
and taxes
QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC. QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC.
Condensed Balance Sheets Condensed Income Statements
For the Years Ended December 31 For the Years Ended December 31
Illustration 18-12
Return on Asset
Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity
Shows how many dollars of net income the company earned for each dollar
invested by the owners.
ROE is a comprehensive indicator of a firm’s performance because it provides an
indication of how well managers are employing the funds invested by the firm’s
shareholders to generate returns
QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC. QUALITY DEPARTMENT STORE INC.
Condensed Balance Sheets Condensed Income Statements
For the Years Ended December 31 For the Years Ended December 31
Illustration 18-12
Return on Common Stockholders’ Equity
Earnings Per Share (EPS)
Illustration 18-12
Earnings Per Share (EPS)
Price-Earnings Ratio
Illustration 18-12
Price-Earnings Ratio
Payout Ratio
Illustration 18-12
Payout Ratio
Solvency Ratios
Illustration 18-12
Debt to Total Assets Ratio
Illustration 18-12
Times Interest Earned
2. Cash Payback
130,000 + 0
= $65,000
2
Simplicity of calculation.
Major limitation:
Cash payback should not be the only basis for capital budgeting
decision as it ignores expected profitability of the project.
Discounted Cash Flow
Step 2. Use the factor and the present value of an annuity of 1 table
to find the internal rate of return.