I.

COLLECTION OF DATA

The results that can be obtained from data

depend on:
• the information contained in the data, and
• the manner of collecting the data.
Methods of collecting data

1. Direct observation
2. Asking Questions
3. Use of Sources of
Data
 1. Direct observation
Use of senses:
a) Sense of sight is used for all visual variables-
color, shape, with and without
description, etc
b) Sense of hearing- used for all audio variables or
sound
c) Sense of smell- used for all odor variables
d) Sense of taste- used especially for evaluation of
food
e) Sense of touch- used in determining
texture whether smooth or rough, fine or coarse.
What to observe?
1. Color
2. Taste
3. Alcohol content
4. Sugar content
5. Etc.
What to observe?

1. Color
2. Taste
3. Smell
4. Shape
5. Weight
6. Variety
What to observe?
- Height
- Money allowance
- Behavior
- Hobbies
- Study habit
- IQ
Score
1
2
3
.
.
.
15
Plate 2.
The
researcher’s
ocular
observation
in one of the
commercial
farms
Direct observation includes
a) Counting
b) Measuring
Score
4, 3, 2, 1
 Observation of Human
Behavior

1.Participant observation
2.Non-participant
Methods of collecting data:
2. Asking Questions
a)
Interview
b) Questionnaire
A. SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
KATANGIAN (Variable) PAGKAKALARAWAN (Description)

1. Pangalan (Name)
2. Edad (Age)
3. Lugar ng kapanganakan (Birth place)
4. Tirahan (Residence) ______________________________
______________________________
Kung di ito ang lugar ng kapanganakan, dahilan ng ______________________________
paglipat sa kasalukuyang tirahan
(Reason for moving to current residence)

5. Bilang ng taon ng paninirahan sa barangay

(Length of stay in current barangay)
6. Estado sa buhay (Civil Status) [ ] Walang asawa (single)
[ ] May asawa (Married)
[ ] Balo (Widow)

7. Bilang ng anak (Number of children)

8. Kabuuang bilang ng miyembro ng pamilya (Family
size)
9. Relihiyon (Religion)
10. Pinakamataas na antas na narating sa
paaralan
(Highest Educational Attainment)
[ ] Wala (No formal schooling)
[ ] Elementarya (Elementary)
Antas (Grade) I II III IV V VI
[ ] Sekundarya (Secondary)
Year (Taon) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th
[ ] Kolehiyo (College)
Kurso (Course) ______________
[ ] Iba pa (Others) _______________

11. Pangunahing ikinabubuhay/pinagkakakitaan

ng pamilya (Primary source of family income)
12. Iba pang pinagkakakitaan (Other source/s of
income)
13. Buwanang kita ng pamilya
(Approximate monthly income)
14. Pangalan at uri ng samahan kinabibilangan
(Name and type of organization)
15. Katungkulan sa samahan
(Position in the organization)
16. Bilang ng taon ng pagiging kasapi ng
samahan (Length of membership in the organization)
Types of Question Contained in
the Interview Schedule or
Questionnaire:

a) Fixed alternative
question
b) Open-ended question
Fixed alternative question
What is the most serious problem you
encounter in teaching?
[ ] special students
[ ] relating with other teachers
[ ] relating with superiors
[ ] inadequacy of teaching facilities
[ ] work overload
Fixed alternative question
What do you think are the benefits
that you get from research?
[ ] self-fulfillment
[ ] pride of ownership of the
research work
[ ] finding solutions to problems
[ ] earning points for promotion
Fixed alternative question

What is your level of satisfaction

with the performance of
Duterte?
Open-ended question. No specific
choices are specified in the question.
• How much is your family income?
Php_____________________
• What are your sources of income?
____________________________
• How long have you been staying in
your present residence?
__________ years
Types of Data Gathering
Instruments

Checklist
Interview Schedule
Questionnaire
 Property Checklist
Yes None
Land [ ] [ ]
Appliances
TV [ ] [ ]
Refrigerator [ ] [ ]
Karaoke/Stereo [ ] [ ]
CD/DVD/VHS Player [ ] [ ]
Washing machine [ ] [ ]
_________________ [ ] [ ]
_________________ [ ] [ ]
 Facilities Checklist for Adequacy
5 4 3 2 1
Library [] [] [] [] []
Chemistry laboratory [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
Physics laboratory [] [] [] [] []
Soils laboratory [] [] [] [] []
Drinking fountains [] [] [] [] []
Faculty rooms [] [] [] [] []
_______________ [] [] [] [] []
 Types of instrument
based on the party that
accomplishes it:
a.Researcher instrument
b.Respondent instrument
c. Informant instrument
Qualities of a Good Data
Gathering Instrument:

a. Validity
b. Objectivity
c. Reliability
d. Usability
a. Validity- being able to
collect data that is needed
in the study
b. Objectivity- yielding the
same meaning to all
respondents
c. Reliability- yielding same
results with different
groups of respondents
d. Usability- can be used in
other researches
Methods of collecting data:

3. Use of sources of data

Types of sources of data:
a. Field Sources
b. Documentary Sources
» primary
» secondary
II. ORGANIZATION OF DATA
a. Array
b. Ranking
c. Alphabetical
d. Chronological
e. Frequency Distribution
f. Based on other characters
 Raw Data Array Array
Array (descending) (Ascending)
115 132 86
123 123 87
94 123 88
132 119 93
88 115 94
98 112 98
112 108 108
108 108 108
108 108 108
123 98 112
87 94 115
86 93 119
93 88 123
108 87 123
119 86 132
Raw Data Array Sequence Rank
Descending Number
115 132 1 1
123 123 2 2.5
94 123 3 2.5
132 119 4 4
88 115 5 5
98 112 6 6
112 108 7 8
108 108 8 8
108 108 9 8
123 98 10 10
87 94 11 11
86 93 12 12
93 88 13 13
108 87 14 14
119 86 15 15
Alphabetical No.
Name of Student
In alphabetical order
1 ACORDA Shaira Fhei F
2 ADEFUIN Raevien D
3 ALBUERO Ed Ryan B
4 AVILA Micaira Jane C
5 BALITA Roem B
6 CALABIG Dona Joyce R
7 CASTILLO Pauline Mea L
8 CASTRO John Jhasfer C
9 CONSIGNADO Kateleen D
10 DELA ROSA Christmas Joice I
11 ESTADILLA Denmark J
12 GALLEROS Leomark A
13 ISORENA Jezzle D
14 LLAMOSO Jerome Miguel M
15 MABELEN Oliver P
16 MAGRACIA Dexter John C
17 MENDOZA Christine Joy E
18 NAPILA Raymond P
19 PAYNAGANAN Maricel G
22 PELAGIO Daniel B
21 QURONG Jerome Q
22 RAGASA Nia Joy B
23 REYES Sharia G
24 REYES Von Ivan P
25 SOLLORANO Maycie O
26 VILLANUEVA John Albert G
Example 1. Frequency distribution of qualitative data

Table 2
Distribution of backyard-farm owners according to
educational attainment
Relative
Educational Attainment Frequency
Frequency, %
Elementary 7 23.33
High School 15 50.00
Vocational, Typing 1 3.33
College 3 10.00
College BSABA 1 3.33
College, Architect 1 3.33
College, BSA (Animal
2 6.67
Husbandry)
Total 30 100.00
Example 2. Frequency distribution of quantitative data, single scores
Table 7
Distribution of small commercial-farm owners
according to number of children
Number of Children Frequency Relative Frequency, %
0 3 10.00
1 1 3.33
2 3 10.00
3 7 23.33
4 7 23.33
5 5 16.67
6 3 10.00
7 1 3.33
Total 30 100.00
Example 3. Frequency distribution of quantitative data in classes

Table 2
Distribution of small commercial-farm owners by age

Age of Respondents, Frequency Relative

years Frequency, %
67 – 73 4 13.33
60 – 66 3 10.00
53 – 59 5 16.67
46 – 52 8 26.67
39 – 45 4 13.33
32 – 38 3 10.00
25 – 31 3 10.00
Total 30 100.00
III. PRESENTATION OF DATA

1. Textual
Presentation
2. Tabular
Presentation
3. Graphical
 Textual presentation
1. Age of Small Commercial-Farm Owners
Table 2 shows the number of small commercial-
farm owners at different age groups. The ages
ranged by 41 years with the eldest respondent at
73 years and the youngest at 26 years. The ages
were almost normally distributed about the mean
going to the highest and to the lowest brackets.
The distribution has a mean of 49.60 years and
median of 49.33. The modal age group is 46-52
years with a frequency of eight which includes the
mean and median values.
The data imply that swine raising is an
enterprise for all ages, that any individual
regardless of age could engage in this business.
Tabular
Table 2. Distribution of small commercial-farm owners by age

Presentation
Age of Respondents,
years
Frequency Relative Frequency,
%
67 – 73 4 13.33
60 – 66 3 10.00
53 – 59 5 16.67
46 – 52 8 26.67
39 – 45 4 13.33
32 – 38 3 10.00
25 – 31 3 10.00
Total 30 100.00
Table 5. Average scores in the Mathematics test.
BLOCK (GRADE)
SEX
SEX INTERVENTION 7 8 9 MEAN
MEAN
Male Without Intervention 89.0 85.1 87.6 87.2
With Intervention 95.2 88.7 90.0 91.3 89.3
Female Without Intervention 85.0 85.2 85.0 85.1
With Intervention 94.8 86.5 88.3 89.9 87.5
Without Intervention 87.0 85.1 86.3 86.1
Mean
With Intervention 95.0 87.6 89.2 90.6
GRADE MEAN 91.0 86.4 87.7 88.4 88.4
Figure 3. Didtribution of smallcommercial-farm owners
by age

8
7
6 Series1
commercial-farm
Number of small

5
4
owners

3
2
1
0

Age, years
Figure 7. Distribution of small commercial farm
owners by civil status

Married
25
83%

Single
3
10%

Widow
2
7%
 Figure 12. Distribution of small commercial
farmowners according to primary source of income

4, 13%
2, 7% 4, 13%

3, 10%
5, 18%

3, 10% 1, 3%

2, 7% 3, 10%
1, 3% 1, 3% 1, 3%

Apartment rental Eatery Egg Dealer

Employment Feeds Dealer Kaingin
Mini Grocery; Rice farm Piggery Farm Practice of Profession
Rice Farm Rice Mill Sari-sari store
Figure 8. Distribution of respondents according to
number of children

7
6
Number of respondents

5
Series1
4
3
2
1
0

Number of children
 Figure 10. Distribution of respondents
according to religion

Roman
Catholic, 27,
Iglesia ni
90%
Kristo, 1, 3%
 Scatterplot of Length of Bunch vs Height of Banana Plant
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

110 110
100 100
Length of Bunch, cm

90 90
80 80
70 70
60 60
50 50

40 40
30 30
20 20
2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Height of Plant, meters
 CO2
NO3 CO N
Cl O
H2 SOLID WASTES
S TOXIC CHEMICALS
PESTICIDES
FECAL MATTER

OIL
HEAVY METALS
PATHOGENS
NO3
ENVISIONED
IMPACT OF CARP MORE AND
BETTER
FOOD

INCREASED
INCOME OF HIGHER
RURAL STANDARD
COMPREHENSIVE INCREASED
FAMILIES OF LIVING
AGRARIAN PRODUCT- INDUSTRIA
REFROM IVITY and
GREATER LIZATION ECONOMIC
PROGRAM
SUPPLY OF GROWTH AND
RAW DEVELOPMENT
MATERIALS

LARGER
AMOUNT
OF FOREIGN
EXCHANGE