MEKANIKA BATUAN

(Rock Mechanic

Contoh Aplikasi
 Rock Mechanics Applications:

• Rock Slope Engineering

• Tunnelling
T lli andd Underground
U d d Openings
O i in
i Rock
R k
• Foundations on Rock
• Rock Excavation – Blasting and Tunnel Boring Machine TBC
Excavation
 Fundamental Concepts in Rock Mechanics
• An Overview of Rock Engineering Problems and Applications
• Geological and Engineering Classifications of Rocks
• Index Properties of Intact Rocks
• Classification and Fundamental Properties of Rock Discontinuities
• Classification of Rock Masses
• In‐situ Stresses in Rocks
• Strength and Deformation Behaviour of Rocks

• Failure Theories and Rock Mass Strength

• Special Rock Characteristics
Examples of Rock Mechanics Problems in Slopes

Site of Landslide - China

Major Landslide on Kaolin Infilled Joint at Fei Tsui
Road – Hong Kong

Edge of fresh
water reservoir

Kaolin infilled joint

on sliding surface
Examples of Rock Mechanics Problems
Vajont Dam Before and After Slope Failures
Upstream of the Dam
Visible scar on the unstable slope at
Mount Toc
The Vajont dam during impoundment
of the reservoir
Mound of debris
During the filling of the Vajont reservoir, the toe of
the slope on Mount Toc was submerged and this
precipitated a slide.
The very rapid descent of the slide material
displaced the water in the reservoir causing a 100
m high wave to overtop the dam wall.
The dam itself was largely undamaged.
Examples of Rock Mechanics Problems
Consequence of Slope Failure Upstream of Viajont Dam
After Impoundment

The town of Longarone, located The remains of the town of Longarone after
downstream of the Vajont dam, before the the flood caused by the overtopping of the
Mount
M Toc ffailure
tT il iin October 1963.
O t b 1963 Vajont dam as a result of the Mount Toc
failure. More than 2000 persons were killed
in this flood.
Example of Wedge Failure on Slope
Example of Planar Failure on Slopes
 Examples of Rock Mechanics Problems in
Highway Rock Cuts

Plane failure along persistent FLailure of a Large wedge formed by two Intersecting
bedding planes Planes dipping out of the slope face
Examples of Rock Mechanics Problems in Slopes

Wedge Failure in
an Open Pit Mine Slope
Examples of Rock Mechanics Problem in Slopes
Effect of Sheeting Joint on Slope Stability
Examples of Tunnel Side Wedge Failure
Examples of Rock Mechanics Problems
San Paulo Tunnel Collapse, Brasil

Sao Paulo Tunnel Collapse – Brazil January 15 2007

Failure occurred at the intersection of 18m dia. Station tunnel and the
40m dia. 40m deep shaft, due to fracture rock at the roof of that tunnel
and insufficient support on the sidewall and at the roof of tunnel
 Examples of Rock Mechanic Problems
Athens Metro Tunnel Collapse, Greece

Athens Metro Tunnel Collapse – Construction 1991-1998

Ravelling of ground due to intensely weathered and highly tectonized
Athenian Schist resulting in uncontrollable overbreak during TBM drive
 Examples of Rock Mechanic Problems
Lane Cove Tunnel Collapse, Sydney Australia

Lane Cove Tunnel Collapse – Australia November 2 2005

Collapse of the venti
ventilation
on tunnel at intersection with the main tunnel was due
to “rock slippage” along a dyke which was not detected during investigation,
and under-design of the rock bolting system at the intersection. The collapse
resulted in a 10mx10mx25m crater below an apartment building.
Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) Excavation
Niagara Tunnel (14.4 m dia), Niagara Falls , Canada
Rock Failure at Roof of Niagara Tunnel Behind TBM
Examples of Rock Mechanics Problems
Rock Failure at Roof of Niagara Tunnel
Excavated by Drill and Blast Method
Cumberland Gap Tunnel , U.S.
Bench Excavation
Multi‐boom Drill Jumbo for Drilling Blast
Holes in Drill and Blast Excavation
Cumberland gap tunnel, U.S.
Harlan Flood Diversion Tunnel, U.S.
Supported by Shotcrete and Rockbolts
Exchange Place Improvements Project
Downtown New Jersey, NJ, New York
‐ Multiple Openings in Underground Complex
Underground Research Laboratory, Pinawa, Canada
Excavation by Controlled Blasting
Road Header for Tunnel Excavation
 Excavated using Road Header
Underground Test Adit – SAB 3 Project
Niagara Falls –
Rock Cores Recovered
from Investigation
Typical Core Log Showing Core Recoveries
and Rock Quality Designation (RQD)
 Deere’s Classification ‐ RQD
RQD is defined as the percentage of intact core pieces longer than 100 mm (4
inches) in the total length of core. The core should be at least NW size (54.7 mm
or 2.15 inches in diameter) and s ould be drilled with a double-tube core barrel.
or 2 15 inches in diameter) and should be drilled with a double

If rock cores are not available

RQD = 115 – 3.3 Jv (after Palmstrom, 1982)

Where Jv is the total number of Joints
per cubic meter