1 Building Const 2

BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
lI
WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC CONSTRUCTION
2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC
CONSTRUCTION
2.1 TYPES OF WOOD
FRAMING
Wood Frame & Light RC

1. Light Wood Framing
2.0
Construction 2. Heavy Wood Framing of
Types of Wood Framing Beam and Girder Framing
Systems 2.1
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors 1. Light Wood Framing
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade
Floor Finish a). Balloon Frame. This the lightest
CHB Wall Construction form of framing, in which the studding
Posts and corner posts are set up in
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes
continuous lengths from first floor line
Wall Framing System & or sill to roof plate. Boards called
Wall Finishes ribbons are notched and nailed into
Ceiling Framing System & the studs and corner posts at the
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing proper height to support the second
System & Roofing story joists. A joist is brought against
Wood Stairs a stud wherever possible. This type
Doors & Door Hardware
of frame is lacking in rigidity and is
Windows & Window
Hardware liable to sway and tremble in heavy
Miscellaneous winds.
b) Combination Frame. A modification of the old braced frame which was of heavy
timbers with every joint mortised and tenoned. The modification consists of lighter timbers
and less mortising and pinning to save material and labor.
Girts are framed into the corner posts at the second story level joists as well as to brace
the whole frame. The girts which support the floor joist are called drop girts; those parallel
to the joists are called raised or flush girts. The studs run from sill to girt and from girt to
roof plate. Diagonal braces run from sill to corner posts and from the corner posts to the
roof plate. This type of construction is more rigid than the balloon frame.

2.0 c) Platform Frame. Where the ground and second floor level structures are supported by
Construction their respective platforms.
Types of Wood Framing
Systems 2.1
Combination Frame. Platform Frame.
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Framing System &
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System &
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing.
Construction
2.0
This is the type of framing used in the Philippines in which the floor joists are
Systems 2.1 carried by girders, and the roof trusses or rafters by girts which frame into the
Joints & Splicing posts. Studs rest on floor sills and extend up the girder or girt in every floor.
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING
2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS
1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain joint is used in very hasty construction for temporary
framing and is made by lapping one piece over the other and nailing then together. It is not
a very strong joint.

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2
Timber Connectors PLAIN LAP LAP JOINT
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction 2. Butt or Square Joint (End Joint). The butt joint is made by placing full thickness of wood
Posts directly against the second piece. The butt end should be squared and the sides against
Wood Floor Framing which it butts smooth so that the pieces will be perpendicular to each other. The joint is toe-
Wall Framing System & nailed.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware END JOINT SCARF JOINT SQUARE FINGER
Miscellaneous SPLICE JOINT
3. Oblique Joint. This type of joint is made when the two pieces do not meet at
right angles, e.g. bracings. One piece is cut at an angle to fit the other and the
two pieces nailed securely together.
Stop Chamfer
Easement
Joggle
Construction
2.0
Eased Edge
Types of Wood Framing Dap
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 CHAMFER
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts 4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint. (See Splices)
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
5. Mortise and Tenon Joint. This type of joint is used for building wooden
framework where great strength and rigidity are all important. It is made by
cutting a hole or mortise in one piece and a tenon or tongue in the second piece
to fit the hole in the other. The tenon may extend fully through the other piece or
only part of the way.
Mortise
Wood Frame & Light RC Stub Tenon

Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing BLIND OPEN Through

Systems MORTISE MORTISE Tenon
Joints & Splicing 2.2 MORTISE
Timber Connectors JOINT
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade CHASE
Floor Finish Key
MORTISE
Posts Undercut
Wood Floor Framing
FOXTAIL
Tenon WEDGE
Wall Framing System & Haunched
Wall Finishes Tenon
Ceiling Finishes Articulate
Wood Roof Framing BRIDLE
System & Roofing KEYED
JOINT
Wood Stairs JOINT
Windows & Window DRAWBORE
Hardware
Miscellaneous
6. Halved Joint. This joint is made by cutting half the thickness of the wood from each piece
at the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush. The purpose of this type of joint is to
maintain a level surface at the joint.

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 END-LAP CROSS-LAP MITERED
Timber Connectors JOINT JOINT HALVING
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish 7. Rabbet Joint. This joint is made by cutting a shoulder or edge from one piece to receive
Posts
the other piece. It is used in window or door frames, or in shelf and drawer construction.
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes Rabbet
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
RABBET JOINT
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
8. Dado Joint. This is similar in shape and purpose to the rabbet joint. In the dado joint a
groove is made in one piece at right angles to the grain of the other board. If nails are
used, they are needed only at the end piece since the groove will provide the necessary
strength to hold the other piece in place.
Dado
Stopped
Dado
Wood Frame & Light RC DADO JOINT

Construction
2.0

Systems 9. Miter Joint. The miter is a joint between two pieces which come together at a corner. It
Joints & Splicing 2.2 is a finish joint and should not be used where strength is an important requirement. It is
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
made by cutting the two ends at angles complementary to each other, usually 45, and
Paving and Slab on Grade then butting them together. The joint is secured by clamp nails or finishing nails,
Floor Finish corrugated fasteners or dowels, or by gluing.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
MITER JOINT SHOULDER TONGUED quirk COPED JOINT
System & Roofing
MITER MITER
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
10. Dovetail Joint. This type of joint, used for cabinet work and furniture work, is strong
and durable. It is made by cutting a pin in the shape of a dovetail in one piece to fit a
groove similarly shaped in the other piece.

Construction
2.0 DOVETAIL SECRET LAP COMMON DOVETAIL JOINT
HALVING DOVETAIL DOVETAIL DOVETAIL
Systems
Joints & Splicing 2.2 11. Coped Joint. The coped joint is used when fitting one piece of moulding at right
Timber Connectors angles to the second piece.
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish Other types of joints include the shiplapped joint and the tongue and grooved joint
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing ANGLE JOINT EDGE JOINT TONGUE AND SPLINE BUTTERFLY
System & Roofing GROOVE WEDGE
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
COMMON WOOD JOINTS
FOR FURNITURE

Construction
2.0

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
VARIATIONS OF
LAP JOINTS

Construction
2.0

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
VARIATIONS OF
MORTISE-AND-TENON JOINTS

Construction
2.0

Systems
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.2.2 SPLICES
The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in

such a way that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of
equivalent size. Splices are of three types: for compression, tension and
bending.

A. Splices for Compression
Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing 1. Scabbed or Fished Splice. Two pieces of timber are squared at their
Systems
ends and fitted together. Two short wood pieces called scabs or metal
Timber Connectors plates called fishplates are fastened on either side of the pieces to be
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade joined. The scabs or fishplates serve to keep the splice straight and to
Floor Finish prevent buckling.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing Scabs or Fish Plates
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2. Halved Splice. The halved splice is better for direct compression, and
when combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is
some tension. This splice is made by cutting half the thickness of each
piece to the required length and putting the halved sections together.

Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing B. Splices for Tension

Systems
Timber Connectors 1. Square Splice. This is a modification of the compression halved
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade splice. It has an extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used
Floor Finish
in combination with scabs or fishplates.
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
C. Splices for Bending
1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in

a horizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to
compression while the lower half is under tension. A splice for bending
should, therefore, combine the features of the tension and compression
splice. The upper part should be cut square to offer the maximum
resistance to compression while the lower half is beveled on the end,
2.0
Construction since there is no tendency to crush the timber. To overcome the
Types of Wood Framing tendency to pull apart at the bottom, a fishplate or scab is placed at the
Systems
bottom and bolted securely
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes Fish Plate
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.3 TIMBER CONNECTORS
Timber connectors are metal devices used to provide
added strength at bolted joints. They eliminate
complicated framing of joints, simplify the design of
heavy construction, and save much time and labor.
Among the various types of timber connectors are:

1. Split Rings. These are made in sizes of 2-1/2, 4 and
Construction
2.0 6 in. in diameter. They used for heavy construction.
Systems 2. Toothed Rings. These are toothed and corrugated.
Joints & Splicing They are made in 2, 2-5/8, and 4 in. diameter. They are
Timber Connectors 2.3 used between two timber frames for comparatively light
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade construction.
Floor Finish
Posts
3. Claw Plates. One side is clawed and other smooth.
Wood Floor Framing They are used either singly, in timber to metal
System & Floor Finishes connections, or in pairs in timber to timber connections.
Wall Finishes
The female plate is adaptable for use when the
Ceiling Framing System & connector must lie flush with the timber surface.
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing 4. Shear Plates. When installed these lie flush with the
Wood Stairs timber surface. They are used singly or in pairs. In
Doors & Door Hardware timber to metal connections the plate is placed with its
Windows & Window
Hardware back towards the metal.
Miscellaneous
2.4 ISOLATED FOOTINGS

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings 2.4
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Framing System & Plan. Section.
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Vertical Reinforcement
Lateral Reinforcement
Steel Dowels anchor column
to footing
Two-way reinforcement
uniformly spaced
6” (150) minimum above
Wood Frame & Light RC steel reinforcement
Construction
2.0
3” (75) minimum cover for
steel reinforcement when
concrete is cast against and
Wood Post
Systems
Joints & Splicing permanently exposed to
Timber Connectors earth
Isolated Footings 2.4
Floor Finish
Critical Section for one-way
CHB Wall Construction shear
Posts
Wood Floor Framing Critical Section for two-way
System & Floor Finishes shear
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs Reinforced Concrete Column
Windows & Window Steel Column
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.5 PAVING AND SLAB ON GRADE
2.5.1 PAVING AND PAVING PATTERNS

Construction
2.0 UNIT RUNNING STACKED UNIT BASKET INTERLOCKING OCTAGON ROMAN
BOND BOND WEAVE BASKETWEAVE AND DOT COBBLE
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade 2.5
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction COURSED UNIT INTERLOCKING INTERLOCKING TURF RANDOM
Posts ASHLAR HERRINGBONE HERRINGBONE BASKETWEAVE BLOCK STONE
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Unit pavers w/
handtight sand-swept
joints
FLEXIBLE BASE 1”-2” (25-51) sand
Paving unit on mortar setting bed
bed, set on edge or
2”-6” (51-150) compacted
laid flat
aggregate where required
6”
Concrete footing: provide in high traffic areas or
gravel under footing if over expansive soil
frost depth is deeper than Compacted subgrade
footing or undisturbed soil
Wood Frame & Light RC Brick or concrete
Construction
2.0 RIGID BASE
Paving unit set vertically pavers
on mortar bed; unit may ¾” (19) bituminous
extend up to ½ of paver setting bed
Systems
height to form curb
Joints & Splicing 4” to 6” (100-150)
Timber Connectors
Concrete footing concrete slab
Isolated Footings
Paving and Slab on Grade 2.5 Compacted aggregate,
Floor Finish 2x, 4x or 6x pressure- if required
CHB Wall Construction treated wood edge or curb
Posts
2” (51) layer of wood TURF PAVER
Wood Floor Framing Turf block
System & Floor Finishes chips, crushed stone or
Wall Framing System & pea gravel
Topsoil mix for grass or
Wall Finishes 2” (51) base of soil- ground cover
Ceiling Framing System & cement mixture or
Ceiling Finishes 2” (51) and setting bed
crushed stone
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing 2x2 or 2x4 pressure-
Wood Stairs treated wood stakes, 24” 2”-6” (51-150)
Doors & Door Hardware (610) long @3’ to 4’ (915 compacted
Windows & Window to 1220) oc. aggregate
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.5.2 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE
Concrete slabs on grade require the support of a level, stable, uniformly dense or
properly compacted soil base containing no organic matter. When placed over soil
of low bearing capacity or expansive soils, a concrete ground slab must be
designed as a mat or raft foundation, which requires professional analysis and
design by a qualified structural engineer. 4” (100) minimum slab thickness; thickness
required depends on expected use and load
conditions
Construction
2.0
Welded wire fabric reinforcement set at or slightly
above the mid-depth of the slab controls thermal
Types of Wood Framing stresses, shrinkage cracking and slight differential
Systems movement in the soil bed; a grid of reinforcing bars
Joints & Splicing may be required for slabs carrying heavier-than-
Timber Connectors normal floor loads
Isolated Footings Concrete additives can increase surface hardness
Paving and Slab on Grade 2.5 and abrasion resistance
Floor Finish
The American Concrete Institute recommends a 2”
Posts
(51) layer of sand be placed over the moisture barrier
Wood Floor Framing to absorb excess water from the concrete during
System & Floor Finishes curing
Wall Finishes 6-mil (0.15 mm) polyethylene moisture barrier
Ceiling Finishes Base course of gravel or crushed stone to prevent the
Wood Roof Framing capillary rise of groundwater, 4” (100) minimum
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware Stable, uniformly dense soil base; compaction may
be required to increase soil stability, loadbearing
Windows & Window
capacity and resistance to water penetration
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors Slab on Grade Exterior Grade Beam Slab on Grade Exterior Grade Beam
Isolated Footings (For Wood Frame Construction) (For Masonry Wall Construction)
Paving and Slab on Grade 2.5
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware Slab on Grade Interior Grade Beam Slab on Grade Interior Grade Beam
Windows & Window (For Wood Frame Construction) (For Masonry Wall Construction)
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.5.3 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS
Three types of joints are done in order to accommodate movement in the plane of a
concrete slab on grade;
1. Isolation Joints – often called
expansion joints, allow movement to
occur between a concrete slab and
adjoining columns and walls of a building.
Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Construction Joints – provide a

Construction
2.0 place for construction to stop and then
continue at later time. These joints,
which also serve as an isolation or
control joint, can keyed or doweled to
Systems prevent vertical differential movement of
Joints & Splicing adjoining slab sections.
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings 1/8” (3) radius
Paving and Slab on Grade 2.5 Prevent local bond
Floor Finish Coated dowels or a keyed
CHB Wall Construction joint if required to prevent Keyed joint
Posts vertical differential movement
Wood Floor Framing
3. Control Joints – create lines of
System & Floor Finishes weakness so that the cracking that may
Wall Framing System & result from tensile stresses occurs along Prevent bond by using a
Wall Finishes predetermined lines. Space control joints in preformedmetal or plastic joint
Ceiling Framing System & exposed concrete 15’ to 20’ (4570 to 6100) Sawn joint 1/8” (3) wide and ¼ material or by applying curing
Ceiling Finishes o.c. or wherever required to break an of slab depth; filled w/ joint filler compound to one side before other
Wood Roof Framing irregular slab shaped into square or side is placed
System & Roofing rectangular sections.
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware 1/8” (3) premolded or metal strip
Windows & Window inserted when concrete is placed,
finish flush with surface
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.6 FLOOR FINISH

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish 2.6
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
*MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer,
Miscellaneous Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish 2.6
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
2.7 CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction 2.7
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window Types of Concrete Blocks
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Standard 90-Degree Hook

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing Bond Beam Detail

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware Continuous Reinforcement
*MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer, Around Corners for Bond Beams
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing Precast Concrete Lintel
One Story Masonry Wall Detail
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware Pier Height and Minimum Shearwall
Windows & Window Continuous Reinforcement Segments for Masonry Walls
Between First and Second Floors
Hardware
2.8 POSTS
Wood posts may be solid, built-up, or spaced. In selecting a wood post, the
following should be considered: lumber species, structural grade, modulus
of elasticity, and allowable compressive, bending and shear stress value
permitted for the intended use. In addition, attention to be paid to the
Wood Frame & Light RC precise loading conditions and the types of connections used.
Construction
2.0

Wood posts are loaded axially in compression. Failure can result in
Systems crushing of wood fibers if the maximum unit stress exceeds the allowable
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
unit stress in compression parallel to the grain. The load capacity of the
Isolated Footings post is also determined by its slenderness ratio. As the slenderness ratio of
Paving and Slab on Grade a post increases, a post can fail from buckling.
Floor Finish
Posts 2.8
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.8.1 TYPES OF POSTS
1. Solid sawn columns should be of well-
seasoned wood
2. Built-up columns may be glue-

Construction
2.0 laminated or mechanically
fastened. Glue-laminated columns
Types of Wood Framing may have a higher allowable
Systems
compressive stress than solid sawn
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors columns, while mechanically
Isolated Footings fastened columns cannot equal the
Paving and Slab on Grade strength of a solid column of the
Floor Finish
same dimensions and material
Posts 2.8
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes 3. Spaced columns consist of two or more
Wood Roof Framing members separated at their ends and
System & Roofing middle points by blocking and joined at
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware their ends by timber connectors and bolts
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing Pier and Beam Foundation
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts 2.8
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Alternate Method to Anchor Pier Holddown Anchorage from Pier to Beam
Hardware
and Beam Foundations and Beam to Corner Studs
Miscellaneous
2.8.2 WOOD POST-BEAM CONNECTIONS
Steel U-plate or saddle 6” (150) minimum bearing

in direction of beam span
Side plate for connection when tow beams abut
to wood post over support
Wood Frame & Light RC Welded connection to

2.0
Construction steel post or column

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors Continuous beam
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
CHB Wall Construction Through bolts or split-ring Through bolts or split-ring
Posts 2.8 connector connector
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes Blocking as required
Ceiling Framing System & Blocking at top, middle
Ceiling Finishes
Spaced beam and bottom of spaced
Wood Roof Framing
post
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Bearing blocks provide
Doors & Door Hardware direct support and
Windows & Window increases area for bolts
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.9 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM AND FLOOR
FINISHES
End joists may be doubled to
provide additional support for Rim joist or header
perimeter wall framing

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes 2.9
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & Sheathing or subflooring ties and
Ceiling Finishes stabilizes the joists to prevent twisting
Wood Roof Framing
and buckling
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs Finish flooring is laid over wood panel or
Doors & Door Hardware plank subflooring; some finish flooring
Windows & Window materials may require additional
Hardware underlayment
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Wood scab nailed to each joist
½” (13) space for joist
shrinkage
Metal straps tie in-line joists

together when tops of joists are
flush w/ tope of wood beam
Toenail w/ 10d to beam
Three 16d @ each joist; avoid notching

Wood Frame & Light RC of joists over bearing
Construction
2.0
2x4 ledger provides 1-1/2” (38)
Wood Beam w/ Ledger minimum bearing
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors 4” (100) minimum lap; three 16d
Isolated Footings
Solid blocking between joists as
Floor Finish required
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Framing System & In-line joists w/ wood scab or metal tie
Wall Finishes strap
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing 1-1/2” (38) minimum bearing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware Wood Beam w/ Lapped or
Windows & Window Spliced Joists
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Wood scabs tie joists together,
maintain horizontal continuity of floor
structure and support subfloor
Nail scab to each joist
½” (13) space for joist shrinkage
Nailing plate secured w/ threaded rod

welded to beam flange; plate should be
Wood Frame & Light RC as thick as perimeter sill to equalize
Construction
2.0 shrikage
Types of Wood Framing Steel beam

Systems Steel Beam w/ Ledger
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings In-line joists w/ wood scab or metal
Paving and Slab on Grade tie strap
Floor Finish
Posts
1-1/2” (38) minimum bearing
Wood Floor Framing
System & Floor Finishes 2.9 Wood sill secured w/ threaded rod
Wall Framing System & welded to beam flange; sill should
Wall Finishes be as thick as perimeter sill to
Ceiling Framing System & equalize shrinkage
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing 4” (100) minimum lap;
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs Three 16d
Doors & Door Hardware Toenail w/ 10d
Windows & Window Steel Beam under Joists
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing Double Beam with 2 x 8 Knee Brace

and Uplift Connectors
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing Beam Attachment to Pile
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window Spaced Beam with Wood Framing
Hardware Anchors and 4 x 4 Knee Brace
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Minimum Bolt Spacing
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0
Floor Joists Framing into Beams Supported with Either
Types of Wood Framing Framing Connectors or a Ledger Strip
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window Floor Joist on Top of Beam Floor Joist Splice on Top
of Beam with Framing Anchor
Hardware with Framing Anchors
Miscellaneous
2.10 WALL FRAMING
SYSTEM & WALL FINISHES

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2.10
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Sole Plate Anchorage

Construction
2.0 Embedment of Anchor Bolt Along
Raised Curb of Garage
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2.10
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware Allowances for the Notching and Boring of Wall Studs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous Corner Stud Detail
Construction
2.0

Systems Top Plate Corner Connection
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2.10
Connection of Multi-Level Top
Ceiling Finishes Plate at Building Corner
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Top Plate Connection for Intersection of
Hardware
Interior Wall with Exterior Wall
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0
Top Plate to Stud Connection
Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes 2.10
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing Application of Wood Structural Panels at
Wood Stairs Building Corner
Stud to Sole Plate Connections
(Multi-Level Top Plate Intersection)
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Framing System & Bay Window With a Top Plate and Exterior Walls Constructed in the Shape
Wall Finishes 2.10 Header Extending Across the of a Bay Window
Ceiling Framing System & Opening in the Plane of the Wall
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.11 CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM & CEILING
FINISHES

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
(Rizal Board)
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes 2.11
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
2.12 WOOD ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM AND ROOFING
TYPES
OF
TRUSSES
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing 2.12
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
PARTS OF A TRUSS
Panel Length
Peak
Wood Frame & Light RC Truss Plate Continuous Lateral Brace

Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing Top Chord

Slope
Systems Heel Pitch
Joints & Splicing Web
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish Bottom Chord Splice
Wedge Block
Bearing Point Panel Point
Posts
Wood Floor Framing Span (Out to Out of Bearings)
System & Floor Finishes Cantilever
Wall Finishes Overhang Bottom Chord Length
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
TYPES OF RAFTERS

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
CORRUGATED G.I. ROOFING

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
FOURTH
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
RIVETS
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings WOOD
Floor Finish
PURLIN
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Framing System & LAY SHEETS IN
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
SEQUENCE SHOWN
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
METAL SEAM ROOFING

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
2”X2” BATTEN
CLEATS AT 12” O.C.
BATTEN SEAM
ROOFING
2”X2” WOOD
BATTENS AT
14” O.C.
2”X4” CLEAT
Wood Frame & Light RC 2”X2” WOOD
Construction
2.0 BATTENS AT
14” O.C.

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs FASCIA
Doors & Door Hardware FLASHING
Windows & Window

Hardware
CLAY/ CEMENT
TILE ROOFING

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors BASKET
Isolated Footings STRAINER
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing CROWN
MOULDING
Wall Framing System & 1”X14”
Wall Finishes FASCIA
Ceiling Framing System & BOARD
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
2.13 WOOD STAIRS

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs 2.13
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
2.14 DOORS AND DOOR HARDWARE
FLUSH/ PANEL WOOD DOOR

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware 2.14
Windows & Window
Hardware
SLIDING WOOD DOOR

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
ALUMINUM SWING DOOR

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
FLUSH HOLLOW
CORE DOOR

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
METAL LOUVRE DOOR

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
ALUMINUM ROLL-UP
DOOR

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous
DOOR HARDWARE:
HINGES

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing SOSS
System & Floor Finishes HINGE
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs INVISIBLE HINGE
Windows & Window
Hardware
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
DOOR HARDWARE:
LOCKS & LATCHES

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
DOOR HARDWARE:
LOCKS & LATCHES

Construction
2.0 TUBULAR LATCH
SET
Systems
Joints & Splicing TUBULAR DEAD LOCK CYLINDRICAL LOCK SET
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
DOOR HARDWARE:
OVERHEAD CLOSERS

Construction
2.0

Systems SURFACE TYPE MOUNTED ON HINGE SIDE OF DOOR
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Doors & Door Hardware 2.14 SURFACE TYPES MOUNTED ON STOP SIDE OF DOOR
Windows & Window (TO CLOSER OUT OF WEATHER, TO HIDE OR WHEN TRIM INTERFERES)
Hardware
Construction
2.0
Types of Wood Framing DOOR HARDWARE: FLOOR CLOSERS

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
DOOR HARDWARE:
PANIC EXIT MECHANISMS

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
DOOR HARDWARE:
DOOR BOLTS

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
2.15 WINDOWS AND WINDOW HARDWARE
STEEL CASEMENT WINDOW

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
ALUMINUM JALOUSIE WINDOW

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
ALUMINUM FRAMED WINDOW
6mm X 32mm
ANGULAR FRAME
6mm DEEP X 12mm

WIDE
ALUMINUM U-CLIP

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware 2.15
Miscellaneous
2.16 MISCELLANEOUS

Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Miscellaneous 2.16 Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
Construction
2.0

Systems
Joints & Splicing
Timber Connectors
Isolated Footings
Floor Finish
Posts
Wood Floor Framing
Wall Finishes
Ceiling Finishes
Wood Roof Framing
System & Roofing
Wood Stairs
Windows & Window
Hardware
END

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BUILDING

Wood Frame & Light RC

Wood Frame & Light RC

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC Stub Tenon

Types of Wood Framing BLIND OPEN Through

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC DADO JOINT

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

The function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in

Wood Frame & Light RC

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Types of Wood Framing B. Splices for Tension

1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in

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Wood Frame & Light RC

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Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC 2. Construction Joints – provide a

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Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing Bond Beam Detail

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

2. Built-up columns may be glue-

Types of Wood Framing

Steel U-plate or saddle 6” (150) minimum bearing

Wood Frame & Light RC Welded connection to

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Metal straps tie in-line joists

Toenail w/ 10d to beam

Three 16d @ each joist; avoid notching

½” (13) space for joist shrinkage

Nailing plate secured w/ threaded rod

Types of Wood Framing Steel beam

Types of Wood Framing Double Beam with 2 x 8 Knee Brace

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing

Types of Wood Framing

Wood Frame & Light RC

Types of Wood Framing