C 3 - Power Demand Assessment and Identification

FEEE
Ensuring Enhanced Education
www.hcmute.edu.vn/feee/
LECTURE NOTE
MODULE: POWER DISTRIBUTION
Level: UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM
Lecturer: VO VIET CUONG, PhD.

FEEE
Ensuring Enhanced Education CHAPTER 3
POWER DEMAND ASSESSMENT AND

IDENTIFICATION
FEEE
CHAPTER CONTENT
1 The nature of electrical loads
2 Customer load profiles

POWER
DEMAND
3 Power loading of an installation
FORECASTING
4 Power load calculations
5 Examples and applications

FEEE
CHAPTER CONTENT
1 The nature of electrical loads
POWER
DEMAND
FORECASTING
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THE NATURE OF ELECTRICAL LOADS
DEFINITION:
An electrical load is a part or component in a circuit that converts
electricity into light, heat, and mechanical motion (i.e. light bulb,
resistor, or motor).
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CLASSIFICATION:
According to LOAD NATURE
Resistive loads Capacitive loads
ELEC.
LOAD
Combination loads Inductive loads
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CLASSIFICATION:
According to LOAD-WAVE NATURE
LINEAR LOADS NON-LINEAR LOADS

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CLASSIFICATION:
According to LOAD CONSUMER
Commercial Loads
Domestic Loads Industrial Loads

A C
Load
Consumers
Other Loads (street Agricultural Loads

lights, bulk supplies...) E D
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CLASSIFICATION:
According to LOAD OPERATION TIME
Non-
continuous
Loads Duty,
Periodic
Loads Duty,
Continuous Duty, Short-time
Loads Intermittent Loads Duty,
Loads Varying
Loads
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CLASSIFICATION:
According to LOAD IMPORTANCE
Life Safety Loads Normal Loads

Vital Loads Non-essential Loads
(Load consumers Cat.I) (Load consumers
Cat.III)
Emergency Loads
Essential Loads
(Load consumers Cat.II)
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CLASSIFICATION:
According to PHASE DISTRIBUTION
Balanced Loads 1 2 Non-balanced Loads
PHASE
DIST.
Line to Neutral
Loads
3 3 Neutral Loads
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CLASSIFICATION:
According to NUMBER OF PHASES
1 2
SINGLE PHASE THREE PHASE
LOADS LOADS
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THE NATURE OF LOADS
Demand factor -
1
2 Load factor –
POWER
DEMAND Diversity
3 factor –
FORECASTING
4 Coincidence factor –
5 Power factor –
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THENATURE OF LOADS:
Demand factor
- Called as Maximum Utilisation Factor
- The ratio of the maximum coincident demand of a system, or part
of a system to the connected load of the system, or part of the
system, under consideration (Bill Brown, ND).
- The lower the demand factor, the less system capacity required to
serve the connected load.
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THENATURE OF LOADS:
Demand factor
- Demand factor must be applied to each individual load, with
particular attention to electric motors, which are very rarely
operated at full load.
- Example: an oversized motor 20kW drives a constant 15kW load

whenever it is ON. The motor demand factor is then:
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THENATURE OF LOADS:
Demand factor
Demand factor for Industrial loads
Electrical load Demand factor
1 motor 1
Up to 10 motors 0.75
Source: Textbook of Design of Electrical Installation
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THENATURE OF LOADS:
Demand factor
Demand factor for Commercial loads
Utility Demand factor
Office, School 0.4
Hospital 0.5
Airport, Bank, Shops 0.6
Restaurant, Factory 0.7
Workshop, Factory (24hr shift) 0.8
Arc furnace 0.9
Compressor 0.5
Hand tools 0.4
Inductance furnace 0.8
Source: Textbook of Design of Electrical Installation – Jain
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THE NATURE OF LOADS:

Load factor
- The ratio of the actual load of equipment to full load of
equipment (Elec.Notes, 2015).
- In other terms, load factor is defined as the ratio of average load

to maximum demand during a given period.
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Load factor
- Load factor can be calculated for a single day, a month, or a year.
- is used for determining the overall cost per unit generated

- Higher load factor is GOOD and it will more output of plan,
reduce the cost per unit generated;
- Low load factor is NOT EXPECTED because the output will be
reduced, the cost per unit will be increased.
- For almost constant loads, the load factor is close to unity.
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Load factor
Demand factor and Load factor of different utilities
Utility Demand factor (%) Load factor (%)
Communication – Buildings 60-65 70-75
Telephone exchange building 55-70 20-25
Air passenger terminal building 65-80 28-32
Aircraft fire and rescue station 25-35 13-17
Aircraft line operations building 65-80 24-28
Academic instruction building 40-60 22-26
Applied instruction building 35-65 24-28
Chemistry and Toxicology laboratory 70-80 22-28
Materials laboratory 30-35 27-32
Source: Introduction to Power Requirement for Building – J. Paul Guyer
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Load factor
Physics laboratory 70-80 22-28
Electrical and Electronics laboratory 20-30 3-7
Cold storage warehouse 70-75 20-25
General warehouse 75-80 23-28
Controlled humidity warehouse 60-65 33-38
Hazardous/Flammable storehouse 75-80 20-25
Disposal, salvage, scrap building 35-40 25-30
Hospital 38-42 45-50
General laboratory 32-37 20-25
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Load factor
Churches 65-70 5-25
Post office 75-80 20-25
Retail store 65-70 25-32
Bank 75-80 20-25
Supermarket 55-60 25-30
Restaurant 45-75 15-25
Auto repair shop 40-60 15-20
Hobby shop, art/crafts 30-40 25-30
Bowling alley 70-75 10-15
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Load factor
Gymnasium 70-75 20-45
Skating rink 70-75 10-15
Indoor swimming pool 55-60 25-50
Theatres 45-55 8-13
Library 75-80 30-35
Golf clubhouse 75-80 15-20
Museum 75-80 30-35
Primary school 75-80 10-15
Secondary/High school 65-70 12-17
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Diversity factor
- The ratio of the sum of the individual maximum demands of the
various subdivisions of a system to the maximum demand of the
whole system.
- is expressed as a percentage (%) or a ratio more than 1.
Where: Maximum demand is the greatest of all demands that have occurred during a specified period of time such as one-
quarter, on-half, or one hour; Coincident demand is any demand that occurs simultaneously with any other demand
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Diversity factor
- Diversity occurs in an operating system because all loads
connected to the system are not operating simultaneously or are
not simultaneously operating at their maximum rating.
- Diversity factor shows that the whole electrical load does not
equal the sum of its parts due to this time inter-dependence.
- Examples 1: 70% diversity means that the device operates at its
nominal or maximum load level 70% of the time that it is
connected and turned ON.
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Diversity factor
- Examples 2: One main feeder have two sub-feeder (A and B)
which have demands at a time is 35kW and 42kW, respectively.
The maximum demand of the main feeder is 70kW. Then:
 Total individual maximum demand = 35 + 42 = 77kW
 Maximum demand of whole system = 70kW
 Diversity factor of the system:
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Diversity factor
- Use of diversity factor
 Used to estimate the load of a particular node in the system
 Used to estimate the total load required for a facility or to size
the transformer
 Used for distribution feeder size and transformer
 Used to determine the maximum peak load of a system.
- The residential has the highest diversity factor; Industrial loads
have low diversity factors (~1.4)
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Diversity factor
DIVERSITY FACTOR FOR DISTRIBUTION SWITCHBOARDS

Number of circuits Diversity factor in %
Assemblies entirely tested 2 and 3 90%
4 and 5 80%
6 to 9 70%
10 and more 60%
Assemblies partially tested in every case choose
Source: Jignesh Parmar (2011)
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Diversity factor
DIVERSITY FACTOR FOR CIRCUIT FUNCTION AS PER IEC 60439

Circuits function Diversity factor in %
Lighting 90%
Heating and air conditioning 80%
Socket-outlets 70%
Lifts and catering hoist -
For the most powerful motor 100%
For the second most powerful motor 75%
For all motors 80%
Source: Jignesh Parmar (2011)
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Diversity factor
DIVERSITY FACTOR FOR APARTMENT BLOCK
Apartment Diversity factor in %
2 to 4 1
5 to 9 0.78
10 to 14 0.63
15 to 19 0.53
20 to 24 0.49
25 to 29 0.46
30 to 34 0.44
35 to 39 0.42
40 to 49 0.41
50 and more 0.38
Source: Electrical installation guide according to IEC standards (2015)
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Diversity factor
Examples 3: 5 storeys apartment building
with 25 consumers, each having 6kVA of
installed load (see figure)
The total installed load for the building
is:
36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
The apparent power supply required for
the building is:
150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA Application of the diversity factor to an 5
storeys apartment building
Source: Electrical installation guide (2015)
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Diversity factor
It is possible to determine the magnitude
of currents in different sections of the
common main feeder supplying all floors.
The current entering the rising main at
ground level is:
The current entering the third floor is:
Application of the diversity factor to an 5

storeys apartment building
Source: Electrical installation guide (2015)
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Coincidence factor
- Called as the factor of simultaneity in IEC
- Coincidence factor is the reciprocal of diversity factor
- The ratio of the maximum demand of a system, or part under
consideration, to the sum of the individual maximum demands of
the subdivisions
Where: Maximum demand is the greatest of all demands that have occurred during a specified period of time such as one-
quarter, on-half, or one hour; Coincident demand is any demand that occurs simultaneously with any other demand
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Coincidence factor
- Expressed as a percentage (%) or a ratio less than 1
- When the number of connected customer increases, then the
coincidence factor will decrease
- The factor is applied to each group of loads (i.e. distribution or
sub-distribution board)
- The determination of these factors is based on knowledge and
experience of the electrical designer. It is not possible to give
precise values for general application.
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P
- Is an indicator of the quality of design and management of an
electrical installation. It relies on two very basic notions: active
and apparent power.
 The active power is the real power transmitted to loads such
as motors, lamps, heaters, and computers.
 The apparent power is the total power required to supply to
operate a load. It consists of useful power (active power) and
useless power (reactive power )
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P
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P
- The value of power factor will range from 0 to 1.
- Power factor will be discussed in detail in its specific chapter

(chapter 13 of this course), or can be referenced in chapter L of
the Electrical Installation Guide according to the IEC
international standards 2015.
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www.hcmute.edu.vn/feee/ An example of application of factors and
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CHAPTER CONTENT
2 Customer load profiles

POWER
DEMAND
FORECASTING
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CUSTOMER LOAD PROFILES
DEFINITIONS
- A load profile is a curve showing the variation of customer loads
(by individual or a group of electric appliances or residential
dwellings, or industrial facilities) with reference to time [5].
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DEFINITIONS
- A load profile could present an actual day, or a statistical average
over typical days in a given month or season.[6]
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DEFINITIONS
- From the power
system perspective,
a load profile is
used to compare
periods of higher
and lower demand
over a year. [6]
Comparison of electric demand in different
seasons over the course of a year
Source: Davis Swan (2013)
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DEFINITIONS
- A load duration curve, which has the highest demand hour of the
year appears to be the first hour, followed by the second highest
demand hour and so on[6]
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CLASSIFICATIONS:
According to power categories
01
Active Power
Load Profiles
02 03
Reactive Power Apparent Power
Load Profiles Load Profiles
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CLASSIFICATIONS:
According to curve shapes
Practical load curve Ideal load curve
Represent the practical Idealise/Translate the practical

variation of power with load curve into step curve with
reference to time reference to time
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CLASSIFICATIONS:
According to time duration
01
Daily Load Profile
02
Monthly Load Profile
03
Diurnal Load Profile
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SIGNIFICANCES:
A customer load profile is provided to:
 Help the supplier understand typical load profiles for specific
classes of customers (i.e. industrial, residential customer...);
 Help the supplier prepare daily pre-scheduled loads;
 Represent the variation of load during different time;
 Understand the maximum demand of load in referenced time;
 Understand the rationality of consumption characteristics;
 Determine appropriate solutions to reduce generating cost.
FEEE
CHAPTER CONTENT
POWER
DEMAND
3 Power loading of an installation
FORECASTING
FEEE
POWER LOADING OF AN INSTALLATION
POWERS:
Nominal power – (in kW)
- "A rated or named value stating the power that a component,
circuit, device, piece of equipment, or system can produce,
consume, dissipate, or otherwise safety handle, when used in a
given manner"[8].
- "The nominal power in kW of a motor indicates its rated
equivalent mechanical power output"[9].
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POWERS:
Installed power – (in kW)
- "The sum of the nominal
powers of all power consuming
devices in the installation"[9].
- This is not the power to be
actually supplied in practice
but installed apparent power.
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POWERS:
Installed apparent power – (in kVA)
- The arithmetical sum of the apparent power (kVA) of individual
loads. The maximum estimated kVA to be supplied however is
not equal to the total installed kVA.
- The apparent power demand of a load is obtained from its
nominal power rating and the per-unit efficiency - .
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POWERS:
Installed apparent power – (in kVA)
- The arithmetical sum of the apparent power (kVA) of individual
loads. The maximum estimated kVA to be supplied however is
not equal to the total installed kVA.
- The apparent power demand of a load is obtained from its
nominal power rating and the per-unit efficiency - .
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POWERS:
Average installed power – (in kVA)
- The steady characteristics of load in a reference time
- Where (kWh) is the actual consumption of load in a reference

time; (hr) is the reference time.
- The reference base to compute the calculated (actual) power of a
system;
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POWERS:
Maximum power/Peak demand
- The maximum value in the ranges of in reference time.
- Long-term peak demand: the maximum value in a long duration

reference (commonly in 5, 10, or 30 minutes of resolution);
- Short-term peak demand: the maximum value in a very short
duration reference (1-2 seconds); Being used to test the
fluctuation of voltage and security conditions of system.
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CHAPTER CONTENT
POWER
DEMAND
FORECASTING
4 Power load calculations

FEEE
POWER LOAD CALCULATIONS
CALCULATION PROCESS:
4
Summing total
apparent demand
(kVA)
Calculate the
3 practical power of
loads (kW)
Identify related
2 factors of loads and

system.
1 Load classification/
Load categorizing
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Load categorizing
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LOADS CHARACTERISTICS:
According to magnitude of energy consumption and frequency of utilization
Incandescent lamp
LIGHTING: Discharge lamp
Twilight/night illumination LED lighting
Household appliances
SMALL APPLIANCES: Electronic devices
Portable/Semi appliances Personal care
Office equipment
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS: Communication devices
Light electronic consumers Entertainment electronics
Kitchen appliances
MAJOR APPLIANCES: Laundry appliances
Housekeeping appliances HVAC appliances
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According to magnitude of energy consumption and frequency of utilization
The consumption magnitude of appliances vs frequency of use per yer of an average arbitrary customer
Source: Damiano Toffanin (2016)
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According to the consumption predictability
Mod. Predictable loads

Predictable loads Unpredictable loads
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According to the consumption predictability
Mod. Predictable loads

Predictable loads Unpredictable loads
Related to the habitual
Small cyclic loads behavior patterns of the The majority of
occurring when a residents. domestic energy use;
dwelling is unoccupied E.g. many people watch TV irregularly occurring at
or all the occupants are programmes at regular times the users discretion.
asleep (refrigerators, each day and switch lights E.g. when the occupant
security lighting, TVs) on/off each weekday morning wants to cook food or
as they rise and leave for work to held a party at home.
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Specific loads – Induction motors
1 2
3-phase motor 1-phase motor
𝑃 𝑛 . 1000 𝑃𝑛 .1000
𝐼 𝑎= 𝐼 𝑎=
√ 3 .𝑈 . 𝜂 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 𝑈 . 𝜂 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑
Where:
is current demand (in amps); is nominal power of motor (in kW); is voltage between phases for 3-phase motors and
voltage between the terminals for single-phase motor (in volts); is per-unit efficiency; and is power factor
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- The use of start-delta starter, static soft start unit or variable speed
drive allows to reduce the value of the starting current.
- Using capacitors to reduce the current supplied to induction motor.
The application of capacitors is generally called as "power factor
improvement" or "power factor correction".
- The apparent power (kVA) supplied to an induction motor can be
significantly reduced by the use of shunt-connected capacitors
(reduction of input current).
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- The current demand of a heating appliance or an incandescent

lamp is obtained from the (kW) quoted by the manufacturer.
- 3-phase case:
- 1-phase case:
Where:
is current demand (in amps); is nominal power of motor (in kW); is voltage between phases for 3-phase motors and
voltage between the terminals for single-phase motor (in volts);
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Specific loads – Discharge lamps
- Depend on the luminous electrical discharge through a gas or

vapor of a metallic compound.
- Have a long start-up time.
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Specific loads
Discharge lamps
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Specific loads – LED lamps and fixtures
- LED technology is powered by a driver, which can be integrated

into the bulb or separately;
- Short start-up time;
- The main characteristics of LED lamps and fixtures:
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Identify related

system.
Load categorizing
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RELATED FACTORS OF ELECTRIC LOAD AND SYSTEM
Demand factor -
1
2 Load factor –
POWER
DEMAND Diversity
3 factor –
FORECASTING
4 Coincidence factor –
5 Power factor –
FEEE
Calculate the
loads (kW)
Identify related

system.
Load categorizing
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PRACTICAL LOAD POWER CALCULATION

Calculation based on Nominal Power and Demand Factor
- Calculation formula
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PRACTICAL LOAD POWER CALCULATION

Calculation based on Nominal Power and Demand Factor
- Calculation formula for average power factor
- Pros: the simplest calculation method for practical load power;

- Con: low accuracy
Where:
is nominal power of the load i (in kW); is demand factor of the load i; is the average power factor of a group of load;
is the total number of load (unit)
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4
Summing total
apparent demand
(kVA)
Calculate the
loads (kW)
Identify related

system.
Load categorizing
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TOTAL APPARENT DEMAND

Calculation based on the total Calculated Practical Power and t
- Calculation formula
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CHAPTER CONTENT
POWER
DEMAND
FORECASTING
5 Examples and applications

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EXAMPLES AND APPLICATIONS
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REFERENCES
REFERENCES:
[1] Electrical Knowhow Online (2013) "Electrical Load Classification and Types". Available at
http://www.electrical-knowhow.com/2012/03/electrical-load-classification-and.html
[2] Bill Brown, P. E (ND) "Section 3: Load Planning – Basic Principles". Available online at
http://static.schneider-electric.us/assets/consultingengineer/appguidedocs/section3_0307.pdf
[3] Jignesh Parmar (2011) "Demand Factor, Diversity Factor, Utilisation Factor, and Load
Factor". Available at
https://electricalnotes.wordpress.com/2011/10/31/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-fac
tor-load-factor/
[4] Damiano Toffanin, Andreas Ulbig, Pierre Pinson (2016) "Generation of customer load
profiles based on smart-metering time series, building-level data and aggregated
measurements". Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Swiss. Available online
at
https://www.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/itet/institute-eeh/power-systems-dam/do
cuments/SAMA/2016/Toffanin-MA-2016.pdf
FEEE
REFERENCES
REFERENCES:
[5] Mohammad Taufiqul Arif, Amanullah M. T. Oo and A. B. M. Shawkat Ali (2013)
"Estimation of Energy Storage and Its Feasibility Analysis, Energy Storage – Technologies and
Applications, Dr. Ahmed Zobaa (Ed.)". InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52218. Available from:
https://www.intechopen.com/books/energy-storage-technologies-and-applications/estimation-of
-energy-storage-and-its-feasibility-analysis
[6] Alexandra Von Meier (2006) "Electric Power Systems: A Conceptual Introduction". IEEE
Press, Wiley Interscience, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication. USA.
[7] Davis Swan (2013) "Why Renewables Haven't Destroyed the Grid – Yet!". Available from
http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/blogs/the-black-swan-blog/2013/12/why-renewables-have
nt-destroyed-the-grid--yet.html
[8] Dictionary of Engineering (2015) "Nominal Power". Available from
http://www.dictionaryofengineering.com/definition/nominal-power.html
[9] Schneider Electric (2015) "Electrical installation guide – According to IEC international
standards". Schneider Electric.

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FEEE

Ensuring Enhanced Education

Level: UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAM

Lecturer: VO VIET CUONG, PhD.

POWER DEMAND ASSESSMENT AND

1 The nature of electrical loads

2 Customer load profiles

4 Power load calculations

5 Examples and applications

1 The nature of electrical loads

Resistive loads Capacitive loads

LINEAR LOADS NON-LINEAR LOADS

Domestic Loads Industrial Loads

Other Loads (street Agricultural Loads

Life Safety Loads Normal Loads

Balanced Loads 1 2 Non-balanced Loads

THE NATURE OF LOADS

- Example: an oversized motor 20kW drives a constant 15kW load

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

- In other terms, load factor is defined as the ratio of average load

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

- is used for determining the overall cost per unit generated

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

- is expressed as a percentage (%) or a ratio more than 1.

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

DIVERSITY FACTOR FOR DISTRIBUTION SWITCHBOARDS

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

DIVERSITY FACTOR FOR CIRCUIT FUNCTION AS PER IEC 60439

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

The current entering the third floor is:

Application of the diversity factor to an 5

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

THE NATURE OF LOADS:

- Power factor will be discussed in detail in its specific chapter

2 Customer load profiles

Practical load curve Ideal load curve

Represent the practical Idealise/Translate the practical

- Where (kWh) is the actual consumption of load in a reference

- Long-term peak demand: the maximum value in a long duration

4 Power load calculations

2 factors of loads and

Mod. Predictable loads

Mod. Predictable loads

- The current demand of a heating appliance or an incandescent

- Depend on the luminous electrical discharge through a gas or

- LED technology is powered by a driver, which can be integrated

2 factors of loads and

RELATED FACTORS OF ELECTRIC LOAD AND SYSTEM

2 factors of loads and

PRACTICAL LOAD POWER CALCULATION

PRACTICAL LOAD POWER CALCULATION