HCMC University of Technology and Education

FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING

ELECTRONICS
www.hcmute.edu.vn
 I. TUNING-IN

Group Discussion

Q1: What is electronics?

Q2: List electronic devices and their components.

Q3: What do electronic engineers deal with?

Q4: What are the differences between “electrical”

and “electronic” engineering?
2
 II. DEFINITION
Electronics
Electronics is the science of controlling electrical
energy electrically, in which the ELECTRONS have
a fundamental role, involving ACTIVE electrical
components: ▪ Optoelectronics
▪ Vacuum tubes ▪ Sensors
▪ Transistors ▪ Passive electrical components,
▪ Diode, ▪ Interconnection technologies.
▪ Integrators (Wikipedia)

Semiconductor Electronic Electronic

devives circuits devicesand system
3
 II. DEFINITION
Electronics
• Microprocessors
• Control
• Microcontrollers
• Information processing
• Application specific
• Signal processing integrated circuit
• Telecommucation (ASIC)
• Digital signal
• Switching
processing(DSP)
• Analog - digital • Field programmable
gate array (FPGA)
4
II. DEFINITION
Electronics

5
III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

Atom

6
III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

Atom

7
 III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

Atom

5, 6, 7, 8 4 1, 2, 3
valence electrons valence electrons valence electrons
8
III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

Covalent Bonding

9
III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

Covalent Bonding

10
 III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

N-type and P-type semiconductors

▪ Pure (intrinsic) semiconductors ➔ low conductivity as
a result of covalent bonding (and other factors).
▪ Doping ➔ adding impurity atoms to intrinsic silicon or
germanium to improve the conductivity of the
material.
▪ Two types of elements are used for doping:
- Trivalent elements ➔ 3 valence electrons.
- Pentavalent elements ➔ 5 valence electrons.
▪ A trivalent impurity is added to an intrinsic
semiconductor, ➔ p-type material.
▪ A pentavalent impurity is added to an intrinsic
semiconductor ➔ n-type material. 11
 III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

N-type semiconductor
• Antimony (Sb)
• Pentavalent
Free electron
impurity atom ➔conduction electron
• Donor atom

Forming covalent bonds with four

adjacent silicon atoms 12
 III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

N-type semiconductor

• Conduction band electrons > Valence band holes

• Electrons = majority carriers
• Holes = minority carriers
• Electrically neutral
13
 III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

P-type semiconductor
• Boron (B)
• Trivalent
impurity atom
Hole
• Acceptor
atom

Forming covalent bonds with four

adjacent silicon atoms 14
 III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

P-type semiconductor

• Conduction band electrons < Valence band holes

• Electrons = minority carriers
• Holes = majority carriers
• Electrically neutral
15
III. FUNDAMENTAL SOLID-STATE PRINCIPLES

N-type and P-type semiconductors

16
 IV. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation
Basic Structure

Symbol
A K
Anode Cathode
17
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation

Diodes in Industrial Applications

18
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation
DIODE Commutation Conditions:
The condition must be met before the Diode can be
conducting :
▪ The DIODE must be forward biased (VA  VK).

VA VK
Diode

19
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation
Operation: Forward Bias

+ -
ID > 0
A K
A K
VAK = VF = 0

Practical model: VF up to 1.25 V

20
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation
Operation: Reverse Bias

- +

21
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation
Operation: Reverse Bias

- +
ID = 0
A K
A K
VAK < 0

Reverse Voltage VPIV up to 1600 V

22
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation
V-I Characteristic curve

VA ≥ VK
VA ≥ VK + VF
VA  VK + VF

VA  VK

Practical curve Ideal curve 23

II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation
V-I Characteristic curve
VF = 0 V

Ideal curve 24
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation
V-I Characteristic curve

VF = 0,7 V – Silicon
= 0,3 V - Germanium Practical curve
25
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation
V-I Characteristic curve

VF = 0,7 V – Silicon
= 0,3 V - Germanium Practical curve
26
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation
•Determine V0 and I
•with 1 R1 = R2 = 10 k, Vi = 11V.

Vi

27
II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

1. Diode Operation

DESIGN?

28
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

Regulated 12 V power supply circuit.

29
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

Uncontrolled AC/DC converters
➔ uncontrolled rectifiers
➔ convert an AC power supply source voltage to a
controlled DC load voltage.
➔ Generally, the device used most is the Diode

Input AC – DC Output
- AC CONVERTER - DC
Diode
- U1, f1 - U2

30
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

Input Output
- AC AC – DC - DC
- U1, f1 CONVERTER
- U2
= constant = DC

Unrectified waveform Diode Rectified waveform

31
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

Regulated 12 V power supply circuit.

32
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

uin(V) Uin = UPN
+Um
P

Diode
uIN (q ) 0  2 3 4 q (rad)
R u0(q )

N
-Um
u0(V)
+Um
u0 (V)

vi (q ) = vPN (q )
q (rad)
= U m sin t = U 2 2 sin q [V ] 0  2 3 4
33
Operation with R Load 33
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

+Um
uin(V)
Operation  2 3 4
0
with R Load
-Um
P u0(V)


Diode
uIN(q ) 2 3 4
R u0(q ) 0

N
The Peak Inverse
udiode(V)
Voltage
0  2 3 4
UPIV = UpLoad
34
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

uin(V) Uin = UPN The average load voltage
2
1
VOAV = 
2 0
u(q)dq

q (rad) 1 
 2

0 2 3 4 =   UinPeak sin(q)dq +  0dq + 
2  0  
UinPeak
= = 0,45UinRMS
u0(V) 
The average load current
u0 (V)
Ud
Id =
q (rad) R

Operation with R Load 35

 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

Vp = Vpeak = Vm = Vmaximum

Average value of the half-wave rectified signal

Ideal model: VpLoad = VpSource
Practical model: VpLoad = VpSource- 0,7
36
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

Example: Average Voltage Calculation

37
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

Example: Average Voltage/Current Calculation of Load

38
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

2. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier

Example: Average Voltage/Current Calculation of Load

39
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

40
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
A

0
+

-
B 0

41
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
Positive half wave

During positive half-cycles, D1 is forward-

biased and D2 is reverse-biased 42
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
Negative half wave

During negative half-cycles, D2 is forward-

biased and D1 is reverse-biased
43
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
Ideal model:
VpLoad = VpSource
Practical model:
VpSource VpLoad = VpSource- 0,7

VpLoad

44
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Center-Tapped Full-Wave Rectifier
VpSource

VpLoad

The average load voltage: VAVG = 2*VpLoad / 

UPIV = 2*UpLoad
45
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier
A

E C

D
F

46
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier
A

E C

F D
During the positive half-cycle of the input, D1
and D2 are forward-biased and conduct
current. D3 and D4 are reverse-biased
47
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier
A

E C

F D
During the negative half-cycle of the input, D3
and D4 are forward-biased and conduct
current. D1 and D2 are reverse-biased
48
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier
VpSource

VpLoad

The average load voltage: VAVG = 2*VpLoad / 

Ideal model: VpLoad = VpSource

Practical model: VpLoad = VpSource- 1,4
49
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Bridge Full-Wave Rectifier

UPIV = UpLoad

50
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply Filters And Regulators

Power supply filtering 51

 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply Filters And Regulators

Power supply filtering with Capacitor-Input Filter

52
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply Filters And Regulators

Power supply filtering with Capacitor-Input Filter

53
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply Filters And Regulators

Power supply filtering with Capacitor-Input Filter

54
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply Filters And Regulators

Ripple factor

Ripple Voltage

Load Average Voltage

55
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply with Voltage Regulator

56
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply Filters And Regulators

IC

57
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply Filters And Regulators
Positive Voltage regulator C
IC 78XX Regulated output
voltage
7805 5V
7806 6V
7808 8V
7810 10V
7812 12V
7815 15V
7818 18V
7824 24V 58
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply Filters And Regulators
Negative Voltage regulator C
IC 79XX Regulated output
voltage
7905 - 5V
7906 - 6V
7908 - 8V
7910 - 10V
7912 - 12V
7915 - 15V
7918 - 18V
7924 - 24V 59
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply Filters And Regulators
IC

1 2
IN OUT
+ 7812 +
Vi Vo
GND
- C1 C2 -
3

60
 II. DIODES AND APPLICATIONS

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Power Supply Filters And Regulators

61
 III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

3. Single phase Full-wave Rectifier

Types of special Purpose Diodes

62
 III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

1. LED – Light-Emitting Diode

LED
Symbol

LED
Datasheet
63
III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

1. LED – Light-Emitting Diode

Typical LEDs 64
III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

1. LED – Light-Emitting Diode

The 7-segment LED display

65
III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

1. LED – Light-Emitting Diode

VBIAS − VF
RLIMIT =
ILED

Simple LED circuit design

66
 III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

2. Zener Diode

Zener diode symbol

General zener diode V-Icharacteristic
Zener diodes ➔ in reverse breakdown
Zener breakdown ➔ low reverse voltages
Zener breakdown voltage (VZ)
➔ create current through K to A 67
 III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

2. Zener Diode
K

-VKA >= VZ ➔ ON

Ideal zener diode equivalent circuit model

and the characteristic curve 68
 III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

2. Zener Diode

+
K

VOUT

A
-

ZENER DIODE APPLICATION IN VOLTAGE REGULATION

69
 III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

2. Zener Diode

ZENER DIODE APPLICATION IN VOLTAGE REGULATION 70

 III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

2. Zener Diode +

Zener Values:
- VZ
VZ VOUT
- IZ_Max

 RL
 RL  RL  VIN  VZ
 R + R VIN  VZ  R + R VIN  VZ  RL + R
 L  L 
 I I  I −I  I  VIN − VZ − VZ  I
 Z Z _Max  T L Z _Max  R RL
Z _Max

➔ VOUT = VZ and IZ <= IZ_Max ➔ In good operation

ZENER DIODE APPLICATION IN VOLTAGE REGULATION 71

 III. SPECIAL PURPOSE DIODES

2. Zener Diode

ZENER DIODE APPLICATION IN VOLTAGE REGULATION

72