COE 221

Digital Systems
Number Systems
Class Notes – 01*

* Reading Assignment: Chapter 1.1-1.8 of Textbook.

Dr. Ghassan Z. Qadah 1

 Digital Systems
• What is a Digital System?
– A digital system is a collection of electronic circuits that store and process
data in digital form as opposed to analog form.

– The most primitive digital systems (circuits) are the AND, OR and NOT
gates which perform the logical AND, OR and NOT operations.

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 Digital Systems

• Other type of digital systems are

– Computer is another example of a digital system.

–
– cell phone is a third example of a digital system.

– DVD player is another example of a digital system and many many

others

– Digital systems became so important these days to a point where our

current century is referred to it as the digital age

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 Number Systems
• Definition: Number system
A collection of rules that are used to represent and
compute numbers in that system.

• Example: decimal system (293), binary system

(101), octal system (073) and hexadecimal system
(9A3). These systems are referred to as positional
systems.

• In general, a positional system represents the

number as a sequence of digits, where the value of
each digit is dependent on its magnitude and
position within the number.

Example: digit 2 in position 0 in the decimal number

232 has the value of 2 (2x100) whereas the same digit
at position 2 has the value of 200 (2x 102) as shown in
the figure.

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 Representation of Numbers in
Positional Number Systems
• In general, a real number in a positional system is
represented as follows:

Where r is the base/radix of the number system

= 2 (for binary), 8 (for octal), 10 (for Decimal) and 16
(for hexadecimal)

and the digit

For the hex system ( with r = 16) and to avoid confusion, the hex digits 10, 11,
12, 13, 14, and 15 are represented with the letters A, B, C, D, E and F,
respectively.
Ex. The binary number (101.101)2  (positional real binary number)

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 Value of Positional Numbers
• The decimal value of a positional number with a base r is:

Xr = an-1 * rn-1 + an-2 * rn-2 + …+ a0 * r0 . a-1 * r-1 + a-2 * r -2 …. a-m * r-m

Example: (101.101)2 ------- a binary example

• Interesting? : lend itself well to store and process numbers by computers.

Examples: compute the decimal value of the following numbers:

– (binary) (101.101)2

= 1* 22 + 0 * 21 + 1 * 20 + 1 * 2-1 + 0 * 2-2 + 1 * 2-3

= 4 + 1 + .5 + .125 = 5.625

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 Value of Positional Numbers
• The decimal value of a positional number with a base r is:

Xr = an-1 * rn-1 + an-2 * rn-2 + …+ a0 * r0 . a-1 * r-1 + a-2 * r -2 …. a-m * r-m

• Other Examples: compute the decimal value of the following numbers:

– (Octal) (76.7)8 =
= 7 * 81 + 6 * 80 * 7 x 8-1
= 56 + 6 + .875
= 62.875
- (Hex) (B.C3)16 =

= 11 * 160 + 12 * 16-1 + 3 * 16-2

= 11.76171875

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Binary to Decimal Numbers Conversion: Example

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 Decimal to Binary Conversion

– Two steps:
– Convert the integer part: Repeated Division-by-2 method
– Convert the fractional part: Repeated Multplication-by-2 method

(19.6875)10  (???)2

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 Decimal to Binary Conversion

(19.6875)10  (???)2

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 Decimal Numbers-to-binary Conversion:
Another Example
Convert the following decimal number to binary one:

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 Decimal Numbers-to-binary Conversion: in class
Example
Convert the following decimal number to binary one:

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 Binary Numbers: Simple Arithmetic operations(3)
• Binary Arithmetic:
– Addition

– Subtraction

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 Binary Numbers (4)
– Multiplication

– Division: Use the

same procedure as
decimal division.

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 Counting Binary Numbers
Question: Given n binary digits, how many unsigned binary numbers
can you make out of these digits?
• Solution:

– When n = 1, then the count is 2 binary numbers

– When n = 2, then the count is 4 binary numbers

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 Counting Binary Numbers (1)
– When n = 4, then the count is 16 binary numbers

– When n , then the count of binary numbers is

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 Signed and Unsigned Binary Numbers
• Digital systems handle two type of binary numbers:
Unsigned and signed.

• Unsigned number uses all of its bits to represent the

number value (ex. 1101).

• The signed number must handle the positive and negative

sign as follows:
• For binary numbers, three suitable methods exist to
represent signs:
– Sign-magnitude system
– 1’s complement
– 2’s complement

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 Sign-Magnitude System
• Reserve 1 bit, the most significant bit (MSB), of the
number to represent the sign and the rest of the bits for
the magnitude. The MSB is set as follows:

– 0 if the number is positive

– 1 if the number is negative
Ex. express +7 and -7 as 4-bit sign-magnitude numbers

+7  0 111
-7  1 111

Ex. express +49 and -49 as an 8-bit sign-magnitude

numbers.
+49: 00110001
-49: 10110001
Drawback:
– Multiple representation for 0 (+0 and -0)
– Not preferred
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 1’s Complement System
• Positive numbers stay the same.
• Negative numbers: flip each bit in the binary number including the
sign bit
– 0 1
– 1 0
Ex.: + 7  0111 (express as 4 bits)
- 7  1’s complement (0111)  1000

Ex.: express +7 and -7 as an 8-bit 1’s complement numbers

+ 7  00000111
- 7  11111000  (1’s complement (00000111))

Ex. Find the value of the 1’s complement number (11111000)

method:
– 1’s complement of number (11111000)  (0000111)  7, that is
the number is -7

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 2’s Complement System
• Positive numbers stay the same.
• Negative numbers: two steps
– flip each bit in the binary number (find the 1’s complement).
– Add 1 to the number (ignore overflow)

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 Why 2’s Complement System is Preferred?
• Preferred for two reasons:
– 2’th complement system generates one representation for the zero.
+ 0  0000
- 0  1111 (1’s complement for 0000)
1+
-----------
0000 (ignore the carry, same representation )

– 2’th complement system allows the user to perform subtraction by actually

performing addition  use same hardware for addition and subtraction

– Ex.

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Faster Way to Find 2’s Complement

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Addition in the 2’s Complement System

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Addition in the 2’s Complement System (1)

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 Addition Overflow in 2’s Complement system (1)
• Overflow condition:
Overflow occurs when two numbers are added and the sum can’t fit in
the number of bits allocated for either of the two numbers.

• Overflow Occurs when both numbers are positive or both numbers are
negative.
• Overflow is detected when:
– Both numbers are positive and the sum is negative or
– Both numbers are negative and the sum is positive.

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 Binary Number Representation: A Summery
• Represent the numbers +25 and -25 using 6 binary bits/digits in the
following number systems:
Sign-Magnitude, 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Decimal Sign- 1’s complement 2’s complement

Number magnitude
+25 011001
-25

• Convert the binary numbers ( 011001) and (111001) into decimal

assuming the number is stored in unsigned, sign-magnitude , 1’s
complement and 2’s complement formats.

Binary unsigned sign- 1’s 2’s

Number magnitude complement complement
011001
111001

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 Binary Number Representation: A Summery
• Represent the numbers +25 and -25 using 6 binary bits/digits in the
following number systems:
Sign-Magnitude, 1’s complement and 2’s complement

Decimal Sign- 1’s complement 2’s complement

Number magnitude
+25 011001 011001 011001
-25 111001 100110 100111

• Covert the binary numbers ( 011001) and (111001) into decimal

assuming the number is stored in unsigned, sign-magnitude , 1’s
complement and 2’s complement formats.

Binary unsigned sign- 1’s 2’s

Number magnitude complement complement
011001 25 +25 +25 +25
111001 57 -25 -6 -7

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 Octal System

• Decimal to Octal conversion

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 Conversion between Binary and Octal
• Convert from Octal to binary: replace each octal digit with its
equivalent 3-bit binary number, as shown in the example below.

• Convert from binary to Octal: two steps,

– Start with LSB, partition the binary number into groups of 3 consecutive
bits.
– replace each group with the equivalent Octal digit, as shown in the example
below.

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 Hexadecimal System

• Decimal to Hex conversion

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 Conversion between Binary and Hex
• Convert from hex to binary: replace each hex digit with its equivalent 4-
bit binary number, as shown in the example below.

• Convert from binary to hex: two steps,

– Start with LSB, partition the binary number into groups of 4 consecutive
bits.
– replace each group with the equivalent hex digit, as shown in the example
below.

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 Conversion between Hex and Octal
• Convert from Hex to Octal: two steps,
– Convert Hex to Binary using the method presented earlier.
– Convert Binary to Octal

• Convert from Octal to Hex: two steps,

– Convert Octal to Binary using the method presented earlier.
– Convert Binary to Hex.

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Conversion between Arbitrary Bases

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Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) Code

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BCD Arithmetic

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ASCII Code

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ASCII Codes

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 Course Outcomes
Upon completion of the course, students will be able to:

1. Convert decimal numbers to/from binary, octal, hexadecimal and carry out
simple and signed arithmetic operations in these base systems.

2. Manipulate logic expressions using the theorems of Boolean Algebra and

synthesize simple logic circuits using basic logic gates like AND, OR, NAND and
NOR.

3. Minimize Boolean functions with 3, 4 variables using Karnaugh maps.

4.Use basic MSI components such as encoders, multiplexers and decoders in

designing reasonably sized digital circuits.

5. Understand functional and timing properties of different kinds of latches and flip
flops.
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 Course Outcomes (continues)
6. Translate verbal description of a given sequential system to a circuit design
following procedures for designing synchronous sequential circuits.

7. Design a sequential circuit starting from a state diagram, using flip-flops and
basic MSI sequential components such as shift registers, counters, one shot and
register banks.

8. Build and test simple digital circuits using SSI/MSI/LSI components on logic
breadboards, and to use schematic captures to create and simulate simple circuits
using the Multisim software tool.

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