UNIVERSITAS PAMULANG

GROUP 3

NAME GROUP :
1. BAYU SATRIO PAMUNGKAS (201010503084)
2. BETHA NURLAILI KHOIRUN NISAA
(201010503004)
3. DEVI LESTARI (201010503047)

CLASS : 03SMJP022
LECTURER : DIANA AZWINA S.Sos.,M.Si
LESSON : BUSINESS ENGLISH
 THE PAST
Must, may, might, could, can’t, and couldn’t are used with a present perfect
verb form to show how certain a speaker is that a past situation happened or
didn’t happen.

A. Affirmative
Formula : MODAL VERB + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (to show how
certain the speaker is that something happened)

Must have + past participle show a great deal of certainty that something
happened, but there is still some doubt in the speaker’s mind. He/she is not 100%
certain.
 For example :
1. The student did well on the test. They must have studied hard.
Explanation :
There are other possible reasons why the students did well on the test. It might
have been very easy, or they might have already learned the material. The speaker uses
must have studied hard to show that he/she thinks is the most logical reason they did
so well.

2. I've phone Jim several times, but he doesn't answer. He must have gone out.
Explanation :
The speaker believes this is the most logical reason why Jim doesn't answer the
phone. However, other reasons are possible. He might not have heard the phone, or he
might not have wanted to talk to anyone.
May, might, and could convey the ideas that a speaker is only 50% or less certain that
something happened. The us of could implies a little more certainty.

For example : My wife doesn’t answer the phone. She may (might, could) have gone
shopping.

Explanation :
The speaker doesn’t know for sure that his wife went shopping. However, it’s his best
guess.
 B. Negative
Formula : MODAL + NOT + BASE VERB + PAST
PARTICIPLE (to show how certain the speaker is that
something didn’t happen.)
Can’t or couldn’t have + past participle shows that the
speaker is very certain something didn’t happen.
For example : Robbin looks tired today. She can’t have slept
well last night.

Explanation :
This is the speaker’s best guess as to why Robbin looks
tired. Of course, other reasons are possible. For instance, she
might be ill.
 May or might not have + past
participle shows that the speaker
is 50% or less certain that
something didn't happen.

For example :
There was a strange light in the sky
yesterday evening. I don’t know for sure
what it was, but I may have seen a U.F.O
(Unidentified Flying Object)
An appropriate modal + have is used in most
short answers. However, if the question has a
be verb, the formula for responding is
appropriate modal + have been.

For example :
Person A : Has Jennifer decided which courses
she’s going to take next semester?
Person B : I’m not sure. She might have.
Person C : Do you think Tim enjoyed the
concert?
Person D : I don’t know. He may have.

When you sure that you understand the

lesson, let’s continue with the exercises!
1. Look! Our car isn’t on the driveway!
Somebody ... Choose the correct
A. Might have stolen it.
B. Must be stealing it.
C. Could have stolen it.
D. Must have stolen it.
The answer is : D. Must have stolen it.
2. My plans are dead. I ...
A. Can’t not have given them enough water.
B. Must given them more water.
C. Couldn’t give them enough water.
D. Can’t have given them enough water.
The answer is : D. Can’t have given them enough 5. My white shirt now has green streaks in it. I ...
water.
3. The twins have guility expressions on their C. Must not have not washed it properly.
faces. They ...
A. Might have done something naughty.
B. Must do something naughty.
modal to complete the sentence.
C. Might do something naughty.
D. Must have done something naughty.
The answer is : D. Must have done something naughty.
4. I don’t know why he hasn’t called me back. He ...
A. Might forget my number.
B. Might have forgotten my number.
C. Might be forgetting my number.
D. Must have forgotten my number.
The answer is : B. Might have forgotten my number.
A. Can’t wash it properly.
B. Can’t have washed it properly.
D. Must to wash it properly.
The answer is : B. Can’t have washed it properly.
THANK YOU
THANK YOU
THANK YOU