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UNİT 3
WAVES
 Wave
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A wave is a kind of oscillation that travels

through space and matter.
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TYPES OF WAVES
 1. Mechanical waves require a material
medium to travel (air, water, ropes). These
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waves are divided into three different types.

• Transverse waves cause the medium to move
perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
• Longitudinal waves cause the medium to
move parallel to the direction of the wave.
• Surface waves are both transverse waves and
longitudinal waves mixed in one medium.
2. Electromagnetic waves do not require a
medium to travel (light, radio).
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 Spring waves
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• By moving a rope once, a single

vibration is produced. This is a pulse.

• By moving a rope regularly up and

down, a traveling or periodic wave is
produced.
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PROPERTİES OF WAVES
 • The shortest time that a point takes to
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return to the initial position (one

vibration) is called period, T.
• The number of vibrations per second is
called frequency and is measured in
hertz (Hz).

f=1/T
 • The shortest distance between peaks,
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the highest points, and troughs, the

lowest points, is the wavelength, 

• Wavelength frequency relation

 • The amplitude of a wave is the distance
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from a crest to where the wave is at

equilibrium.

• The width of the wave

 All in one picture
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 Reflection of spring waves
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a) Reflection from Fixed End:

When a pulse of spring wave hits an
obstacle having fixed end, it reflects.
Reflected wave has opposite direction,
same amplitude and velocity with the
incident wave.
 b) Reflection from Open End:
When a pulse of a spring comes to an
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open end obstacle it reflects, like given

picture below. Amplitude, velocity and
length of the pulse do not change but its
right hand side becomes left hand side.
 Speed of Spring Waves
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F: force applied to spring

M: mass of the spring
l: length of the spring
 Interference of waves
Constructive
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Destructive
 Transmission of Waves
Light to Heavy spring
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 Heavy to light spring
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Pulses moves one partion in one second.

Draw the places of waves after 5 seconds.
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Draw the waves after reflection.

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9g wire is pulled with F=12 N force.

Length of the wire iss 300m, what is the
speed of wave?
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Speed of the wave in the figure is 30m/s

a) Find the amplitude of wave.
b) Find the wavelength of wave.
c) Find period and frequincy of wave.
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Pulses K and L are given. Draw how they

seem when they meet.
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Pulses K and L are given. Draw how they

seem when they meet.
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Find the direction of every pulse.

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Two pulses iven in the system. When the

point K come to the fixed end, draw their
shape.