Biomedik 2

1. Pengantar Mikrobiologi & Parasitologi

Departemen Kesehatan Lingkungan

Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat
Universitas Indonesia
Pengertian Mikrobiologi
Microbiology could be defined as the study of organisms too
small to be seen with the naked eye

Microbiology is the study of organisms that can exist as single

cells, contain a nucleic acid genome for at least some part of
their life cycle, and are capable of replicating that genome
Penggolongan Mikroorganisme

By cell structure

A. Procaryotic
B. Eucaryotic
C. Viruses
Penggolongan Mikroorganisme

A. Procaryotic
Single DNA molecule
Only membrane is the cell membrane
Peptidoglycan cell wall
Reproduction by binary fission
Motility by means of flagella in many
Small size, great diversity, high growth rates,
ubiquitous
Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
Penggolongan Mikroorganisme

B. Eucaryotic
Larger size
Several DNA molecules organized into chromosomes
and surrounded by nucleus
Presence of organelles
Fungi, yeasts, algae, protozoa, higher plants and
animals
Penggolongan Mikroorganisme

C. Viruses
Obligate intracellular parasites
Modern Developments in Microbiology
• Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
• Mycology is the study of fungi.
• Parasitology is the study of protozoa and parasitic
worms.
• Recent advances in genomics, the study of an organism’s
genes, have provided new tools for classifying
microorganisms.
• Immunology is the study of immunity. Vaccines and
interferons are being investigated to prevent and cure
viral diseases
• Virology is the study of viruses
• Recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering
involves microbial genetics and molecular biology
Peran Mikrobiologi Dalam Kehidupan
Manusia

• Decompose organic waste

• Are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis
• Produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol
and acetone
• Produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese,
and bread
• Produce products used in manufacturing (e.g.,
cellulase) and treatment (e.g., insulin)
• Normal Flora
• A few are pathogenic, disease-causing
Mengapa Mempelajari Mikrobiologi?

• Allows humans to
– Prevent food spoilage
– Prevent disease occurrence

• Led to aseptic techniques to prevent

contamination in medicine and in
microbiology laboratories
 Pengertian Parasitologi
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their
hosts, and the relationship between them.

The scope of parasitology is not determined

by the organism or environment in question,
but by their way of life
 Definisi
What is parasitology?
• It is the study of a type of symbiotic relationship known as
parasitism
• What is symbiosis?
– A close relationship between two living organisms
– Types of symbiosis
• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Parasitism
 Definisi
Parasitism is one version of symbiosis ("living
together"), a phenomenon in which two organisms
which are phylogenetically unrelated co-exist over a
prolonged period of time, usually their entire life,
wherein one organism, usually physically smaller of the
two (the parasite) benefits and the other (the host) is
harmed

The requirement for a prolonged interaction precludes

predatory or episodic interactions (such as a mosquito
feeding on a host), which are usually not seen as
symbiotic relationships.
 Definisi
Especially in the field of medical parasitology, the
term "parasite" has come to mean a eukaryotic
pathogenic organism.

Thus, protozoan and metazoan infectious agents are

classified as parasites while bacteria and viruses are
not.
Interestingly, fungi are not discussed in textbooks of
medical parasitology, even though they are
eukaryotic.
 Types of parasitism
Parasites that live inside the body of the host
are called endoparasites (e.g., hookworms
that live in the host gut) and those that live on
the outside are called ectoparasites (e.g.,
some mites).
 Types of hosts and life cycles
• Transmission stages
• Definitive hosts
• Intermediate hosts and indirect life cycles
• Paratenic hosts
• Reservoir hosts—any animal that harbors a
parasite that can be transmitted to humans
 Types of hosts and life cycles
• Definitive hosts / hospes definitif:
Hospes tempat parasit hidup, tumbuh mjd dewasa dan
berkembang biak secara seksual
• Intermediate hosts / hospes perantara:
Hospes tempat parasit tumbuh menjadi bentuk infektif
yang siap ditularkan kepada manusia (hospes)
• Paratenic hosts / hospes paratenik:
Hewan yang mengandung stadium infektif parasit tanpa
menjadi dewasa, dan stadium infektif ini dapat ditularkan
dan menjadi dewasa pada hospes definitif
• Reservoir hosts / hospes reservoar:
Hewan yang mengandung parasit dan merupakan sumber
infeksi bagi manusia
 Hospes
Spesies yang dihinggapi parasit, yang
mungkin menderita berbagai kelainan
fungsi organ sehingga menjadi sakit
→ Manusia
 Outcomes of parasitism
• Physical trauma
• Nutritional diversion
• Parasites can release/excrete toxic chemicals that can have
deleterious effects on host
• Parasites can elicit dangerous immune responses that can
damage the host’s tissues
• Parasites can put pressure on host energy utilization
• Blood loss leading to anemia
• Parasites can elicit adverse changes in host behavior
 Other characteristics of parasitism
• High reproductive potential
• Often have unique morphological or physiological
specializations
• Often have evolved methods of evading host immune
system
• How are parasites typically transmitted?
– Ingestion from food/water; also includes inhalation
– Vectors
– Direct penetration of skin from environment
Penggolongan parasit berdasarkan kelas

1. Protozoa
a. Protozoa usus
b. Protozoa darah dan jaringan
c. Protozoa atrial
2. Helminth
a. Nematoda (cacing gilik) usus dan jaringan
b. Trematoda (cacing daun) & Cestoda
(cacing pita)
3. Fungi (Mikologi)
a. Mikosis Superfisialis
b. Mikosis Sistemik
4. Artropoda (Entomologi)
a. Artropoda sebagai vektor dan hospes perantara
b. Artropoda sebagai parasit dan penghasil toksin
Pokok Bahasan Mikrobiologi & Parasitologi
1. Pengantar mikrobiologi & parasitologi
2. Klasifikasi/taksonomi & penamaan mikroorganisme;
Tinjauan dunia mikroorganisme; Peran mikrobiologi
dalam kesehatan masyarakat
3. Struktur mikroorganisme; pertumbuhan
mikroorganisme & faktor yang mempengaruhinya;
transmisi mikroorganisme; pengendalian & pencegahan
4. Interaksi host – patogen
5. Foodborne pathogen
6. Waterborne pathogen
7. Airborne pathogen
8. Hewan vektor
Praktikum Dasar Mikrobiologi
1. Pewarnaan mikroorganisme
2. Penanaman & isolasi mikroorganisme
3. Indikator kesehatan lingkungan: uji bakteriologis
sampel air