APPROACHES AND

PRACTICES IN PEST
MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION OF TERMS

INTEGRATED- a joining/combing or merging.

- Harmonious use of multiple methods to control
single pests or pest complexes.
PEST- An organism detrimental to humans, including:
invertebrates, vertebrates, weeds and pathogen.
MANAGEMENT- as the process of administering and
controlling pest in the area.
- Decisions based on ecological principles and
economic and social considerations.

WHAT IS IPM????
IPM- Integrated pest management, also known
as integrated pest control is a broad-based
approach that integrates practices for economic
control of pests. IPM aims to suppress pest
populations below the economic injury level.

EIL- is the point at which the cost of pest

control equals the revenue loss caused by
a pest
 History of Integrated Pest Management
• 2500 BC First records of insecticides; Sumerians used sulfur
compounds to control insects and mites.
• 200 BC Romans advocated oil sprays for pest control.
• 300 AD First records of biological controls; Chinese used.
predatory ants in citrus orchards to
• control caterpillar and beetle pests.
• 1880 First commercial spraying machine.
• 1930 Introduction of synthetic organic compounds for plant
pathogen control.
• 1940 First successful use of an entomopathogen; Milky Spore
(Bacillus popillae) used to control Japanese beetle.
400 million B.C.- First terrestrial plants
350 million B.C.- First Insects
8,000 B.C.- Beginnings of agriculture
4,700 B.C.- Silkworm culture in China
1,500 B.C.- First descriptions of cultural controls, especially manipulation
of planting dates
1,200 B.C- Botanical insecticides are used for seed treatments and as
fungicides in China. The Chinese also use mercury and arsenical
compounds to control body lice
1,000 B.C.- Homer refers to the use of sulfur in fumigation and other
forms of pest control
470 B.C.- Democritus, cited by Pliny, controls a blight by sprinkling plants
with amurca (liquid waste remaining after olive oil is produced).
Frequently sited thereafter into the 16th century.
370-286 B.C.- The Greek philosopher Theophrastus studies and writes
about plant diseases of trees, cereals, and legumes.-
300 A.D.- First recorded use of biological controls in citrus
orchards to control caterpillar and beetle pests in China.
Colonies of the predatory ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) are
set up in citrus groves with bamboo bridges, so they could
move between trees.
1732- Farmers first begin to grow crops in rows to facilitate
weed removal.
1840s- Potato blight (Phytophthora infestans) outbreak in
Ireland, England, and Belgium, leading to widespread famine
in Ireland (where British policies had forced the Irish to rely on
one crop).
1870-1890- Grape phylloxera and powdery mildew controlled
in French wine country through the introduction of Bordeaux
mixture, Paris Green, use of resistant root stocks, and grafting.
1876- Koch demonstrates the germ theory using
Bacillus anthracis, the causal agent of anthrax, by
transferring blood contaminated with B. anthracis
from infected animals to healthy animals and
causing anthrax symptoms:
1880-First commercial pesticide spraying machine.
1890s- Introduction of lead arsenate for insect
control
1896- Recognition of arthropods as vectors of
human disease
1896- First selective herbicide (iron sulfate)
1901- First successful biological control of a weed (lantana in Hawaii)
1899-1909- Development of strains of cotton, cowpeas, and
watermelon resistant to Fusarium wilt (first breeding program).
1908- First case of resistance to a pesticide (San Jose scale resistance
to lime sulfur)
http://www.virginiafruit.ento.vt.edu/SJS.html
1912- U.S. Plant Quarantine Act
1915- Control of disease-vectoring mosquitoes enabled the
completion of Panama canal
1921- First aircraft spray (in Ohio for catalpa sphinx)
1929- First area-wide eradication of an insect pest (Mediterranean
fruit fly in Florida)
1930s- Introduction of synthetic organic compounds for plant
pathogen control.
1939- Recognition of insecticidal properties of
DDT.
1940-Use of milky disease to control Japanese
beetle (first successful direct use of an insect
pathogen for control)
1940s- Organophosphates developed in
Germany, carbamates in Switzerland
1942- First successful breeding program for
insect pest resistance in crop plants (release of
wheat strain resistant to Hessian fly)
1944- First hormone-based herbicide (2,4-D)
1946- First report of insect resistance to DDT (housefly in
Sweden)
1948- Muller wins Nobel prize for discovery of DDT
1950s-1970s -Widespread development of resistance to DDT
and other pesticides
1950s-First applications of systems analysis to crop pest control
1958-Delaney Clause of the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (set
zero tolerance for carcinogens)
1959-Introduction of concepts of economic thresholds,
economic injury levels, and integrated control
1960-First insect sex pheromone isolated, identified, and
synthesized (gypsy moth)
1960-First Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) product registered
Supervised Pest Control
Shortly after World War II, when synthetic insecticides became widely available,
entomologists in California developed the concept of Supervised Control.

- It is an alternative to calendar-based insecticide programs.

- Supervised control was based on a sound knowledge of the ecology and analysis
of projected trends in pest and natural-enemy populations.

Integrated control
- Supervised control formed much of the conceptual basis for "integrated control“
that
University of California entomologists articulated in the 1950s.
- Integrated control sought to identify the best mix of chemical and biological
controls for a given insect pest.
- The adage of "if a little works, a lot will work better“ was the major premise for
applying chemical to address pest problems on the farm and around the home
 Supervised Pest Control in Growth
Stages of Rice
Vegetative Log
Seedling/ Reproductive Ripening
phase vegetative
Transplanting phase phase
growth
Rice seedling maggot

Stemborer, weeds

Whorl maggot,
leaf folder, semi
looper
Hoppers, Rodents

Pathogens
Management

Good land preparation, weeding, fertilization and irrigation

 PEST MANAGEMENT
1. Pest management is the manipulation of pest population
using a dynamic and intelligent decision-making process
to optimize the effects of natural regulatory factors,
avoid economic damage, and minimize adverse side
effect on the environment.
2. Utilizes those available methods of pest
control that are environmentally acceptable
in a multi-component system that are
involve biological agents such as parasites,
predators, resistant varieties and cultural
practices in combination with pesticides in
a production system design to maximize
profits.

3. A comprehensive approach to pest control

that uses combined means to reduce the
status of pests to tolerable levels while
maintaining a quality environment.
 8 PRINCIPLES OF INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT
1. Prevention and Suppression

- Prevention is adoption of measures to reduce the chance of occurrence of pest.

Suppression is reducing the impact of the pests.

- Prevention and suppression can be done by applying the different techniques.

- It is a method of preventing the spreading of harmful organisms by hygiene measures

(e.g. by regular cleansing of machinery and equipment).
- One of the methods of prevention and suppression is crop rotation where it would
break the life cycle of the pests.

- Prevention and suppression also include use of adequate cultivation techniques (e.g.
stale seedbed technique, sowing dates and densities, under-sowing, conservation
tillage, pruning and direct sowing)
2: Monitoring
- Harmful organisms must be monitored by adequate methods and tools, wherever
available.
- Monitoring can be done through observations, use of scientifically sound warning,
forecasting and early diagnosis systems, advice from professionally qualified advisers,
etc.
- Many countries like France, Denmark have adopted this monitoring and forecasting
technique

3: Decision making
- Decision making is done based on the results of the monitoring
IPM focuses on threshold-based intervention in most of the cases. Threshold is the
defined pest density, or population level, which when exceeded, management should
occur.
- However, threshold is difficult to define in most of the cases and in case of tolerant
species, decision of intervention is based on the general observations.
- We should also be aware that specific crops, pest life cycle, climatic condition, etc.,
should be considered before making any kind of decisions.
4: Non-Chemical Methods
- Non-chemical methods are prioritized over chemical methods if they can produce
satisfactory results.
- As chemical methods are often not sustainable and creates more pest problems,
non-chemical methods are always preferred at first hand as they are more sustainable
with less biological and environmental hazards.
- Examples of non-chemical methods include soil-solarization or biological control.
- Use of live natural enemies is one of the major non-chemical (biological)
intervention method
- Other non-chemical methods include biological, physical and ecological methods.
5. Pesticide Selection
- IPM doesn’t totally avoid the use of the pesticides
- When the alternative methods are not properly used then the
pesticides are used for pest control.
- The pesticides used however needs to be as specific as possible
for the target
- The pesticides shouldn’t possess any threat to the health of
human, non-target humans and environment.
Pesticides are color-coded
They color-coded as follows:

Category I - highly toxic

(red band)

Category II - moderately toxic

(yellow band)

Category III - slightly toxic

(blue band)

Category IV - relatively non-

toxic (green band)

GAP BAFPS 21
How pesticides enter the human
body - pesticide can be ingested
by an individual

Oral - pesticide gets in

contact with the skin
exposure of a person,
particularly during
mixing and spraying. In
pesticides most cases, residues in
enters the Inhalation Dermal the hand after mixing
body of a exposure pesticides can be
person greater than the total
through body residue.
breathing
pesticide enters the body through the
Eye eye tissues. Some products are severe
exposure eye irritants. pesticide enters the body
through the eye tissues. Some products
are severe eye irritants.

GAP BAFPS 22
 Comparative
absorption rates
in human body
GAP BAFPS 23
6. Reduced Pesticide Use
- Reduced pesticides use refers to the reduction in the
frequency and doses of the pesticides
- This method needs to be supported by the other means of
intervention
- It helps in reducing the side effects of the pesticides
7: Anti- resistant Strategies
- IPM focuses on the anti-resistance activities as:
- Unmanaged and haphazard use of the pesticides have created the
problem of resistance and
- Pests have developed the resistance and the use of pesticides
have less effect on them
- Anti-resistant strategies include use of combination of different
pesticides that has different mode of action, applied in different
time.
8: Evaluation
- Evaluation is the important aspect of the IPM program.
- Evaluation is done based on the records of the use of the
pesticides, its effects and many more.
- Evaluation is necessary in studying the effectiveness of
the plan protective measures and plan further.
OBJECTIVES OF PEST MANAGEMENT

1. To utilize the most effective

techniques in regulating pest
population.

2. To optimize profits from regulatory

actions.

3. To maintain a relatively healthy

environment.
WHY DO WE HAVE PESTS?

1. Evolution- natural selection

2. Passive/Active introduction of pests with out
their natural enemies.
3. Mono culture in time, space, genotype
4. The use of pesticides
a. Development of resistance to pesticides
b. Resurgence
c. Secondary pest outbreak
d. Increase reproductive rate.
NATURE OF PESTS
PESTS- are living organisms causing
economic harm and complete with
human resources (crops, animals,
building, etc.

KINDS OF PESTS
1. Weeds
2. pathogens
3. insects
4. other invertebrates- mites,
nematodess vertebrates- rodents,
birds, bats, monkey
 Advantage of IPM
1. Lower cost intervention
Traditionally, the use of the pesticides to control the
pest invasion would account to lots of cost.
The application of IPM would lessen the financial
burden.
Moreover, different techniques involved in IPM are
more sustainable with long lasting benefits
2. Benefits to the environment
Use of the pesticides are often linked
degradation of the environment causing some
more additional problems
IPM is an eco-friendly approach and the
effects on the environment is always considered
before the application of any interventions
Less use of pesticides won’t affect the fertility
of soil
3. Minimizes residue hazards of pesticides
It is obvious that in an IPM schedule the use
of pesticides will be considerably reduced,
hence the pesticide residue hazards will also get
automatically minimized.
4. Anti-Resistance
The IPM model in itself is the anti-resistant
mode for pest control.
It discourages the use of chemicals and thus
creates less cases of anti-resistance.
Pesticides are used only when the other
alternatives are not satisfying.
5. Useful and best intervention for the general
public
Assurance of safe, reliable and low-cost pest
control
The pest control will not affect the crops
Moreover, it is safe and affordable for the
general public as well
To be continued