PRESENTATION

ON
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

MADE BY:-
PRAVEEN BHATT
 WHAT
IS
COMPUTER
NETWORKS?
Computer Networks
• A computer network is a system for communicating
between two or more computers and associated devices. It
is an interconnection of computers for the purposes of
sharing information and resources.
• A popular example of a computer network is the internet,
which allows millions of users to share information.

Sharing of information, sharing of resources(both

hardware/software),and sharing of processing load are some
of the major objectives of a computer network.

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 An example of a network

Router
Hub
Bridge Segment Node

Hub

Internet

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 The Uses of a Network
• Simultaneous access to data
– Data files are shared
• Access can be limited
– Shared files stored on a server
– Software can be shared
• Site licenses
• Network versions
• Application servers

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 The Uses of a Network
• Shared peripheral device
– Printers and faxes are common shares
– Reduces the cost per user
– Devices can be connected to the network
– Print servers control network printing
• Manage the print queue

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 Sharing Data

File server contains documents

used by other computers.

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 The Uses of a Network
• Personal communication
– Email
• Instantaneous communication
– Conferencing
• Tele conferencing
• Videoconferencing
• Audio-conferencing
• Data-conferencing
– Voice over IP
• Phone communication over network wires
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• Computer networks can be classified according to their size:
– Personal area network (PAN)
– Local area network (LAN)
– Metropolitan area network (MAN)
– Wide area network (WAN)
– Campus area network (CAN)
 Common Network Types
• A LAN connects network devices over a relatively short
distance. A networked office building, school, or home
usually contains a single LAN, though sometimes one
building will contain a few small LANs (perhaps one per
room), and occasionally a LAN will span a group of nearby
buildings.
• Local Area Network (LAN)
– Contains printers, servers and computers
– Systems are close to each other
– Contained in one office or building
– Organizations often have several LANS

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 Common Network Types
• A WAN spans a large physical distance. The Internet is the
largest WAN, spanning the Earth.
• A WAN is a geographically-dispersed collection of LANs. A
network device called a router connects LANs to a WAN.

• Wide Area Networks (WAN)

– Two or more LANs connected
– Over a large geographic area
– Typically use public or leased lines
• Satellite
– The Internet is a WAN
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 Hybrid Network Types
• A Campus Area Network (CAN) is a computer network that
interconnects local area networks throughout a limited
geographical area, such as a university campus, a corporate
campus, or a military base. It could be considered a
metropolitan area network that is specific to a campus
setting.

• Campus Area Networks (CAN)

– A LAN in one large geographic area
– Resources related to the same organization
– Each department shares the LAN

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 Hybrid Network Types
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer
network that spans a metropolitan area or campus. Its
geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN. MANs
provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan
region, and connect them to wider area networks like the
Internet.

• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

– Large network that connects different organizations
– Shares regional resources
– A network provider sells time

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 Hybrid Network Types
• A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network
used for communication among computer devices
(including telephones and personal digital assistants) close
to one's person. The devices may or may not belong to the
person in question. The reach of a PAN is typically a few
meters.

• Personal Area Network (PAN)

– Very small scale network
– Range is less than 2 meters
– Cell phones, PDAs, MP3 players

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 Some Key characteristics between LAN AND
WAN
• Geographic distribution
• Data Rate
• Error Rate
• Communication links
• Communication cost.
 Network Topologies
• Topology-It refers to the way in which the
nodes of a network are linked together.

– Choice affects :
• Network performance
• Network size
• Network collision detection

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 Network Topologies
• Star topology:
– All nodes connect to a hub
• Packets sent to hub
• Hub sends packet to destination
– Advantages
• Easy to setup
• Needs n-1 lines to connect n nodes.
• One cable can not crash network
– Disadvantages
• It depends on the central node.
– Most common topology
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 Star Topology

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 RING NETWORKING
• A computer network, in which each computer
has communicating subordinating, but there is
no master computer for controlling other
computers. A node receives data from one of
its two adjacent nodes.
• Advantages
1)It works well where there is no central-site
computer system.
• 2)It is more reliable than Star networking.
• Disadvantages
• 1)In a ring network, communication delay is
directly proportional to the number of nodes
in the network.
 Network Topologies
• Bus topology
– Also called linear bus
– One wire connects all nodes

– Advantages
• Easy to setup
• Small amount of wire
• Addition of new node is easy.
– Disadvantages
• Slow
• If the communication line fails, the entire system breaks down.

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 Network Topologies
Mesh topology-A completely connected network has a separate physical
link for connecting each node to any other node. Hence ,each node has a
direct dedicated link, called a point-to-point link, with all other computers
in the network.

– Advantage
• It is reliable
• Communication is fast.

– Disadvantages
• Lots of cable
• Hard to setup
• Needs n(n-1)/2 lines to set up.
• Expensive.

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 Mesh Topology

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 Hybrid Network
• Hybrid networking-which is a combination of
two or more different networking topologies.
• In some cases, the hybrid network may have
components of star , ring and completely
connected networks.
 Tree Topology
• The tree topology requires the nodes to be
linked in a hierarchical way.
• The tree network like star network is
dependent on the main computer
• The tree network is very flexible as any
number of nodes can be added and removed
easily.
 Switching Techniques

• There are three ways of establishing

communication links between the sender and
receiver in a communication network:
• 1)Circuit Switching
• 2)Message Switching
• 3)Packet Switching
 Telecommunications
Definition:
• The exchange of information in any form
(voice, data, text, images, audio, video) over
networks
 Circuit Switching

• In circuit switching ,a physical path is

established between the sending and
receiving station by physically connecting the
incoming and outgoing line of each of the
intermediate switching nodes, which falls on
the path.
• It includes:
• 1)Firstly connection established
• 2)Communication takes place
• 3)Finally Connection terminated.

• It is used in PSTN(Public Switched Telephone

network).
 Message Switching
• Here ,in this method ,if a station wishes to
send a message to another station, it first
appends the destination address to the
message. After this, the message is
transmitted from the source to its destination
through Broadcasting or Store-and forwarding.
• Advantages:
• In this method no physical connection is
required between source and destination.
• Disadvantages:
• Here each switching node must have sufficient
storage to buffer messages.
 Packet Switching
• Here a message is spilt up into ‘packets’ of a
fixed size. Here besides the message ,a packet
has a header which contains the source and
destination address, control information,
message number, error checking bits ,etc.