Julie G.

Lacerna
COMMUNICATION

 is both an art and a science

 encompasses acts of speaking and listening,
reading and writing
 Incorporates the transmission of non-verbal
language, sign language, codes transmitted
 Involves the transfer of morals, principles and
judgments from one person to another.
 stimulates social interconnection and
closeness

 a two-way process of openhandedly giving

and receiving pieces of information through
a number of channels.
The basic components of communication:

1. Source/ Sender
2. Message
3. Channel
4. Receiver
5. Feedback
1. Source / Sender - initiates the communication
process by developing an idea into a message
known as encoding. The originator of the message
in the communication process.
2. Message – information conveyed by
words (in speech or writing), and/or other signs
and symbols. Also known as the ideas, opinions,
thoughts.
3. Channel or medium, or a scheme of delivery
- refers to language or words used as means
of communication, e.g. E-mail, telephone
conversations, direct messages, personal
discussion, or text messages
4. Receiver – receives and finalizes the
communication process by interpreting and
assigning meaning to the message also
known as decoding.
5. Feedback – consists of the verbal and non-
verbal reactions / responses of the receivers to
the message they received from the senders.
 Noise is an interference or
hindrance that causes a disturbance
between the sender and the receiver
in the communication process.
Noise Categories:
1. Psychological noise- things that are
going on in your head as you engage in the
communication process, e.g. personal
opinions, typecasts, or standpoints. If the
message clashes with what we already think
or believe, we can have a hard time listening
to the message.
2. Physical noise – physical sounds that make
difficult to hear someone’s message, e.g.
Sounds of moving vehicles, chirping of the
birds, etc.
3. Semantic noise – occurs when the
communicator finds a hard time to
sympathetically understand the words,
language, dialects, vernaculars or even
grammatical structure of a message. This is
common when two people from different
cultures or ethos with conflicting beliefs.
4. Factual noise – caused by efforts to recall
small details and in the process , missing and
omitting the main points of the information
shared during discussion .
5. Physiological noise - consists of distractions
to a speaker's message caused by a listener's
own body.
Varieties and Registers of
Spoken and Written Language

REGISTER – in linguistics, it is a variety of

language used for a particular purpose or in a
particular social setting, e.g. Speaking in a
formal setting.
Five styles in spoken
language registers

1. Frozen or static register – uses printed

unchanging language, such as biblical
quotations, often contains archaisms, e.g.
The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States
of America and other “static vocalizations”.
The wording is exactly the same every time it
is spoken.
2. Formal register – one –way participation ,
no interruption, technical vocabulary or exact
definitions are important , includes
presentations or introductions between
strangers.
3. Consultative register - Two-way
participation ; background information is
provided – prior knowledge is not assumed.
“Back-channel behavior” such as “uh huh”, I
see”, etc. Is common interruptions are
allowed. ( e.g. Teach/ student, doctor /
patient, expert / apprenticeship , etc.
4. Casual register - In-group friends and
acqauintances; no background information
providerd : ellipsis and slang common:
interruptions common. This is common
among friends in a social meeting.
5. Intimate register - Non-public ; intonation
is important than wording or grammar ,
private vocabulary . Also includes non-verbal
messages. This is most common among
family members and close friends.
The three most common
language registers in
writing:
1. Formal Language Register
Probably the most difficult type of
writing for it is impersonal. The meaning is
not written for a specific person and is
written without emotion.
e.g. Business letters, essays, technical
reports , formal and official speeches,
announcements, professional emails.
Rules of the Formal Language
Register
1. Do not use contractions.
Contractions are not usually used in formal
writing, even though they are common in spoken
English.
In formal writing, you should spell out
contractions. Use will not instead of won’t ,
shall not instead of shan’t , has not instead of
hasn’t, does not instead of doesn’t, and was not
instead of wasn’t.
2. Spell out numbers less than one hundred.
Nineteen, twenty-two, seventy-eight , are
some of the examples of the said rule .
3. Write in third person point of view.
e.g. You can buy the book for
PhP450.00. ( incorrect)
One can buy the book for
PhP450.00. ( correct)
4. Avoid using too much passive voice.

The product was purchased by the

client.
The client purchased the product.
5. Avoid using slang , idioms, exaggeration
( hyperbole) and cliches.

e.g. Okay/ ok - alright

6. Avoid abbreviations and acronyms.

DepEd ( Department of Education)

BIR ( Bureau of Internal Revenue)
for abbreviations, complete the words for
the first time then abbreviate for the next
use.
flu ( influenza) ( teaspoon) - tsp
7. Do not start sentences with words like and,
so, but, also.
8. Always write in complete sentences.
9. Write longer and more complex sentences.
2. INFORMAL LANGUAGE REGISTER
- the way when one talks to his family
and friends.
- used when one is writing to someone
he knows very well.
e.g. Phone texts, short notes,
friendly letters, blogs, diaries, journals, and
others.
3. NEUTRAL LANGUAGE REGISTER

- used with non-emotional topics and

information. Not necessarily formal or
informal, not usually positive or negative.
- used to deliver facts
e.g. Reviews, articles, business letters,
technical writing reports.