Chapter 3

Introduction to
MATLAB

Dr. Nader Okasha

Variables
>> b = 5

A =
5

>> pi

ans

3
.
Arithmetic operations
Arithmetic operations
• x= 114
• x
• sqrt(x)
• clear x
• cos(pi)
• x=213
• y=324
• x*y
• clear
• clc
• x=1:10
• y=x^2
• log(exp(3))
• plot(x,y)
M-File
Flow Control
Conditionals
If statement
i
f

c
o
n
d
i
t
if a >= b Then ans. shows that c is
i
c = a + b; undefined!!!
o
end;
n
Flow Control
Conditionals
If
stat a = 1; b = 2;
em
ent if a > b
elseif condition2
if
block c = a - b;
con
elseif condition3 elseif a < b
blockditi c = a + b;
: on1 else
: block c = 0;
else end;
block
end Try again with a = 5, b = 1
a=b=1
Flow Control
The for loop requires a target and a sequence over which the
target loops. The form of the construct is
for target = sequence for n = 0:2:10
block y = n
end End

y =
0
y =
2
y =
4
y =
6
:
Functions
function c = multiply(a,b)
Body c = a*b;
Input Arguments

Output Arguments
Function Name
(MUST BE THE
SAME AS THE
FILE NAME)
Functions
function [c; d] = multiply(a,b)
Body c = a*b;
d = a+b; Input Arguments

Output Arguments
Function Name
Functions
function f = nader(x)
f = x^3-0.165*x^2+3.993e-4;

nader(0.05)
Functions
function [f,df] = fun(x)

f = x^3-0.165*x^2+3.993e-4;

df= 3*x^2-0.33*x;

x=0.05
fun(x)
[f,df]=fun(x);
Code for Newton’s Method (for loop)
x0=0.05;

for i=1:3

[f,df]=fun(x0);

x1=x0-f/df

er=abs((x1-x0)/x1)*100

x0=x1;

end
Code for Newton’s Method
clc
x0=0.05;
format long;
er=100;
ea=0.001;

while er>ea
[f,df] =
fun(x0);

x1=x0 -
f/df

er=abs((x1-x0)/x1)*100
Code for Newton’s Method
clear
clc
format long
i = 1;
x(i)=0.05;
error = 1;
while error > 0.01
i
[f, df] = % this is where we ……
naderfun(x(i));
x(i+1) = x(i) - f/df;
x(i+1)
error = abs( (x(i+1)-x(i))/x(i+1) )*100 i
= i + 1;
x'
end
MATLAB’s fzero Function
 MATLAB’s fzero provides the best qualities of both
bracketing methods and open methods.
 Using an initial guess:
x = fzero(funhandle, x0)
x = fzero(@fun, x0)
[x, fx] = fzero(function, x0)
 function is a function handle to the function being evaluated
 x0 is the initial guess
 x is the location of the root
 fx is the function evaluated at that root
 Using an initial bracket:
x = fzero(function, [x0 x1])
[x, fx] = fzero(function, [x0 x1])
 As above, except x0 and x1 are guesses that must bracket a
sign change
Regression

x=[11;12;14;21;25]

y=[23;44;66;70;85]

[fitobject,gof]=fit(x,y,'poly1')

[fitobject,gof]=fit(x,y,'poly2')

[fitobject,gof]=fit(x,y,'poly3')

[fitobject,gof]=fit(x,y,'poly4')

[fitobject,gof]=fit(x,y,'poly5')

[fitobject,gof] =fit(x,y,'exp1')

cftool( x, y )
Interpolation
interp1(x,y,20)

interp1(x,y,[10;13;20])

results=interp1(x,y,10:20

)
Differentiation

h=0.25

x0=0.5

d=(fun(x0+h)-fun(x0))/h
Matrices
>> A = [ 2 -1 0
-1 2 -1
0 -1 1]
A =
2 -1 0
-1 2 -1
0 -1 1

Generates A 3×3 matrix

>> A = [2 -1 0; -1 2 -1; 0 -1 1]
Matrices
>> A = [ 2 -1 0
-1 2 -1
0 -1 1]
A =
2 -1 0
-1 2 -1
0 -1 1

Generates A 3×3 matrix

>> A = [2 -1 0; -1 2 -1; 0 -1 1]
Matrices
>> b = [1 2 3] % Row vector
b =
1 2 3

>> b = [1; 2; 3] % Column vector

b =
1
2
3
Matrices
The single quote (΄) is the transpose operator in
MATLAB; thus b΄ is the transpose of b.

>> b = [1 2 3]’ % Transpose of row vector

b =
1
2
3
Matrices
A section of an array can be extracted by the use of
colon notation.
>> A = [8 1 6; 3 5 7; 4 9 2]
A =
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2

>> A(2,3) % Element in row 2, column 3

ans =
7
 Matrices
A =
8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2

>> A(:,2) % Second column

ans =
1
5
9

>> A(2:3,2:3) % The 2 x 2 submatrix in lower right corner

ans =
5 7
9 2
Operators
Arithmetic Operators

>> A = [1 2 3; 4 5 6]; B = [7 8 9; 0 1 2];

>> A + B % Matrix addition
ans =
8 10 12
4 6 8
Operators
Comparison Operators

>> a = 10; b = 5;
>> a ~= b
ans =
1
Operators
Logical Operators

>> A = [7 8 9; 10 11 12]; B = [1 2 6; 5 6 7];

>> (A > B) & (B > 5)

ans =
0 0 1
0 1 1
Linear system solving

a = [0.3 0.52 1; 0.5 1 1.9; 0.1 0.3 0.5];

b = [-0.01 0.67 -0.44]’;
or b = [-0.01; 0.67; -0.44];
Inv(a)
inv(a)*b ans =
a\b -14.9000
-29.5000
19.8000
Function Handles
Function handles can serve as the means of
invoking anonymous functions. An anonymous function
is a one-line expression-based MATLAB function that
does not require a program file.

ahmed = @(x) x.^2;

ahmed(2)
Function Handles
Function handles can serve as the means of
invoking anonymous functions. An anonymous function
is a one-line expression-based MATLAB function that
does not require a program file.

Myfun = @fun;

Myfun(0.05)