Electrical Measurements and Instruments

Instructor: Dr Muhammad Yaqoob Javed

Dr Aamer Bilal Asghar
Dr Jahanzeb Akhtar
1
Voltage to current converter 4.8 fig
•  The meter is connected between the op-amp
output and ground.
• Once VR3 remains equal to the input voltage
then IR3 is the meter current.
 Ohmmeter in Electronic Instrument
• Series Ohmmeter:
• The circuit shown in the figure uses
the electronic voltmeter on a 1.5v
battery and several standard resistor.
• The unknown Resistor Rx is
connected across terminal A and B,
so the voltmeter input E is the
voltage across Rx.
• Suppose the range switch is set to
1Kohm, the voltmeter indicates full
scale 1.5V
• If the terminal is short circuit, E is
zero and the pointer is on the left
side of the scale.
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 Series Ohmmeter:
 

When Rx=R1=1KΩ

= 0.75V
So, the meter indicate one-half of the full scale
 REARRANGE
VOLTAGE
DIVIDER Voltage
across RX

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 Shunt Ohmmeter

• The precision resistors are connected in shunt with the supply.

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 Linear Ohmmeter
 • In the circuit, transistor Q1 with resistor R1, R2, and RE operates as a
constant current circuit.
• Resistor R1 and R2 potentially divide the supply voltage to give 5.7V
across R1.
• When applied to the base of pnp transistor Q1, this gives 5.7-0.7=5V
across RE, this is a constant quantity.
• As IE≈IC, the collector current is also a constant quantity.
• The constant current is passed through the unknown resistor Rx, and the
voltage across Rx is measures the voltmeter.

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AC Electronic Voltmeter
• The IC op-amp voltage follower voltmeter is a DC instrument.
• Connecting a rectifier in series with the meter circuit of this instrument,
as shown in fig 4-12, convert it into a half-wave rectifier voltmeter.
• The coupling capacitor C1 is usually provided at the input of an AC
voltmeter to block the unwanted DC.
• The voltage drop Vf across the rectifier is a source of error in the circuit.
• To remove this error the voltage follower feedback connection to inverting
terminal is taken from the cathode of rectifier D1 instead of from the
amplifier output.
Op-amp Halfwave Rectifier Voltmeter

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Op-amp Halfwave Rectifier Voltmeter

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 Low-level Voltmeter

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 Voltage-to-Current Converter

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 Voltage-to-Current Converter

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Op-amp Halfbridge Rectifier Voltmeter

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Combination of
two resistance
is R3 =(rs+rm)
Current measurement with electronic
Instruments
• Two major reasons for using electronic devices into the voltmeter
1. To produce a very high input resistance
2. To amplify very small voltage to measureable level

• Both these conditions doesn't apply for current measurements.

Electronic ammeter using Voltmeter & Shunt

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Laboratory type Electronic Multimeter

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