Scientific research

Scientific research

1. How to choose material for your research.

2. Types and ways of quoting in the text.
3. How to avoid plagiarism in your research.
4. Ethics in scientific research.
5. Requirements to scientific papers.
6. How to assess the relevance of your analysis.
How to choose materials
for your research

Research materials
Research materials are materials that will help someone
understand their topic and prepare a valid argument or
explanation.
● If you need some quick facts on addiction for the paper, use reference material such as
encyclopedias, almanacs or dictionaries;
In order to offer credible, current and well-documented research, it is highly recommended
to use academic journals, or peer-reviewed journal articles that are written by scholars
and researchers for a specific discipline;
Use books and e-books for the in-depth research, but keep in mind that these sources may
contain outdated information.

Avoid using articles and posts from non-scientific sources like social media, magazines etc.
Libraries also often have
special collections that may
include rare books. (You
usually need permission to
access and review these
materials.) You can also find
tapes, videos, CDs, DVDs,
and other materials.
 How to Quote in a Research
Paper
A research paper can be made stronger through the use of quotations. You may use quotes
when you need to cite a key piece of primary source material, strengthen your argument
through another writer's work, or highlight a term of art. It is important to both use quotations
effectively and cite them properly to write an effective paper and avoid plagiarizing.
Quoting means copying a passage of
someone else’s words and crediting the
source. To quote a source, you must ensure:
Example of a quote
The quoted text is enclosed in quotation
marks or formatted as a block quote. “As natural selection acts solely by
accumulating slight, successive,
The original author is correctly cited. favourable variations, it can produce no
The text is identical to the original. great or sudden modification; it can act
only by very short and slow steps”
The exact format of a quote depends on (Darwin, 1859, p. 510).
how long it is and which citation style you
are using.
There are lots of different types of quotes. Use the one that best suits what you're
trying to achieve in your example.
In-text quotes
An in-text quote is a short
quote that fits into and
completes a sentence you've
written. It's great for
introducing ‘scare quotes' and
short phrases that add interest
to your writing.
Indirect quotes
An indirect quote is when you
paraphrase ideas from a source.
They're useful when the main
idea is important, but the quote
itself is too long or complex.
You don't use quotation marks
for these.
Direct quotes
A direct quote is when you take
text directly from a source
without changing anything.
Direct quotes often sum up
exactly the point you're trying
to make and need no further
explanation.
 How to avoid plagiarism in
your research
Plagiarism means using someone else’s words or ideas without properly crediting the
original author. Sometimes plagiarism involves deliberately stealing someone’s work, but
often it happens accidentally, through carelessness or forgetfulness.

When you write an academic paper, you build upon the work of others and use various
sources for information and evidence. To avoid plagiarism, you need to correctly
incorporate these sources into your text.
Follow these four steps to ensure your
paper is free from plagiarism:

➔ Keep track of the sources you

consult in your research.
➔ Paraphrase or quote from your
sources (and add your own ideas).
➔ Credit the original author in an in-
text citation and reference list.
➔ Use a plagiarism checker before you
submit.
Plagiarism can have serious consequences. Sanctions may include, but are
not limited to, failure on an assignment, grade reduction or course failure,
suspension, and possibly dismissal.
 Ethics in scientific research

There are several reasons why it is important to adhere to ethical norms in research.
First, norms promote the aims of research, such as knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error.
For example, prohibitions against fabricating, falsifying, or misrepresenting research data
promote the truth and minimize error.
Second, since research often involves a great deal of cooperation and coordination among
many different people in different disciplines and institutions, ethical standards promote the
values that are essential to collaborative work, such as trust, accountability, mutual respect,
and fairness.
Seven principles for research ethics:

● Social and clinical value.

● Scientific validity.
● Fair subject selection.
● Favorable risk-benefit ratio.
● Independent review.
● Informed consent.
● Respect for potential and enrolled
subjects.
 Requirements for scientific papers

The work should be based on certain scientific and experimental bases, contain data from
personally conducted experiments, observations or research work; the results of their
processing, analysis and generalization; references to relevant scientific sources; reflect the
researcher's own position.

A complete research paper in APA style that is reporting on experimental research will
typically contain a Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and
References sections.
 How to assess the relevance of
your analysis

Relevance considers the importance of the information for your research needs. A
relevant information source answers your research question. To determine relevance, the
purpose and bias must be understood. In fact, all aspects of evaluation must be taken into
consideration to determine relevance.
Evaluating information encourages you
to think critically about the reliability,
validity, accuracy, authority, timeliness,
point of view or bias of information
sources.
Thanks for your attention!