ANAEMIA

• It is a condition in which the hemoglobin

concentration is lower then the normal. As a
results, the amount of oxygen delivered to body
tissue is diminished.
Classification of Anemia
1. On the basis of cause
• Bleeding (blood loss)
• Hypoproliferative anemia (inadequate
production of normal blood cells)
• Hemolytic (destruction of blood cells)
2. On the basis of morphology
• Microcytic – If the cells are smaller than normal,e.g.
iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease,
thalassemia.
• Normocytic – if cells are in normal size, e.g.- acute
blood loss, anemia of chronic disease, hemolytic
anemia, Aplastic anemia.
• Macrocytic - if they are larger than normal, e.g.-
Megaloblastic anemia
Types of Anemia
1. Iron deficiency anemia – it is caused by a lack of iron. It develop
when body store of iron drops too low to support normal RBCs
production. women are at risk, for menstrual blood flow and growing
fetus.
2. Anemia of chronic disease – it is a chronic disease of inflammation,
infection and malignancy cause this type of anemia.
3. Thalassemia – it is a genetic disorder that is characterized by
abnormal formation of hemoglobin it results in inadequate oxygen
transport and destruction of RBCs which leads to anemia.
• 4. Aplastic anemia – it is a rare disease in which the bone marrow and
hematopoietic stem cells that are damaged leads to pancytopenia
(deficiency of all three cellular components of the blood such as red
cells, white cells, and platelets).
• 5. Megaloblastic or folic acid deficiency anemia - in this condition the
bone marrow usually produce large, abnormal and immature RBCs. It
results from inhibition of DNA synthesis during RBCs production so it
leads to continuing cell growth without division.
• 6. Pernicious anemia - it occurs when the intestine can’t properly
absorb vitamin B12.
• 7. Sickle cell anemia – it is characterized by RBC that assume the
abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. It results from the presence of mutated
form of a Hb.
HAEMORRHAGE
• CLASSIFICATION
According to Origin:
 Mouth
Hematemesis, Haemoptysis
 Anus
Hematochezia
 Urinary tract
Hematuria
 Upper head
Intracranial haemorrhage
Cerebral haemorrhage
Intracerebral haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH)
• Lungs
• Pulmonary haemorrhage
• Gynaecologic
• Vaginal bleeding
• Postpartum haemorrhage
• Breakthrough bleeding
• Ovarian bleeding.
• Gastrointestinal
• Upper gastrointestinal bleed
• Lower gastrointestinal bleed
• Occult gastrointestinal bleed
According to source
• • Capillary
• • Venous
• • Arterial
According to situation
• • External (Revealed haemorrhage)
• • Internal (Concealed haemorrhage)
• • Subcutaneous/intramuscular
According to the time of wound:
• • Primary haemorrhage
• • Reactionary or intermediate haemorrhage
• • Secondary haemorrhage
• CAUSES
• 1.Traumatic Injury
• Abrasion
• Excoriation
• Hematoma
• Laceration
• Incision
• Puncture Wound
• Contusion
• Crushing Injuries
• Ballistic Trauma
• 2. Medical condition
• Intravascular changes
• Intramural changes
• Extra vascular changes
• SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF HAEMORRHAGE
• Blood coming from an open wound.
• Bruising
Shock, which may cause any of the following symptoms:
• • Confusion or decreasing alertness
• • Clammy skin
• • Dizziness or light-headedness after an injury
• • Low blood pressure
• • Paleness (pallor)
• • Rapid pulse, increased heart rate
• • Shortness of breath
• • Weakness
• Leukocytosis is a condition characterized by an elevated
number of white cells in the blood, which is usually due to:
•  Bacterial infection such as appendicitis, tonsillitis, ulcers and urinary
tract infection
•  Leukemia.
•  Pregnancy.
•  Hemolytic disease of new born.
•  Following exercise.
•  Emotional stress.
•  Food intake.
•  Leukopenia is a condition characterized by a decreased
number of white cells in the blood, which is usually due to:
•  Viral disease such as measles and infectious hepatitis.
•  Some bacterial infections such as typhoid fever,
• brucellosis, and typhus fever.
•  Rheumatoid arthritis.
•  Systemic Lupus Erythematosis.
•  Certain drugs such as radio therapy and chemotherapy.