‫بعض التقنيات‬

‫الميدانية‬
‫لعلم البيئة‬
 ‫تذكير‬
‫ماهي مكونات الوسط البيئي ؟‬
‫ما هي العالقات التي تربط بين هاته المكونات؟‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫مقدمة‬
‫يهتم علم البيئة بدراسة الكائنات الحية في‬
‫أوساطها الطبيعية من أجل الكشف عن العالقات التي‬
‫تجمع بين هاته الكائنات و عن العالقات التي‬
‫تجمعها مع وسط تواجدها‪.‬‬
‫و من أجل الوصول الى هاته األهداف يستعمل علم‬
‫البيئة مجموعة من التقنيات‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬التطبيق العمودي لتوزيع النباتات‬
‫‪2‬المقاطع األفقية لتوزيع الكائنات الحية‬
‫…‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫‪1.‬‬
‫عمودي‬
‫تطبيق ال‬
‫ال‬
‫نباتات‬
‫لتوزيع ال‬
5
6
‫‪ ‬اعتمادا على علو النباتات‪ ،‬یمكن مالحظة توزیع عمودي نسمیه‬
‫التطبق العمودي للنباتات‬
‫‪) La stratification verticale des végétaux(.‬‬

‫‪ ‬یتبین من الوثیقة أن ھذا الوسط الغابوي یتكون من خمس‬

‫طبقات رئیسیة‪:‬‬
‫‪-‬الطبقة الشجریة ‪Strate arborescente :‬وتتكون من أشجار یفوق‬
‫ارتفاعھا ‪ 5‬أمتار مثل بلوط الفلین‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬الطبقة الشجیریة ‪ Strate arbustive :‬تتكون من شجیرات‬
‫ونباتات قصیرة القد بين ‪ 2‬و ‪ 5‬متر‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬الطبقة العشبیة ‪ Strate herbacée:‬وتشتمل على نباتات موسمیة‬
‫ذات ساق لین‪ .‬ونباتات بصلیة‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬طبقة الحزازیات واألشنات ‪:muscinale Strate‬وتشمل نباتات‬
‫قصیرة جدا إلى مجھریة‪ ،‬وقد تعیش فوق جذوع األشجار‪.‬‬
‫‪-‬الطبقة التحأرضیة ‪:Strate souterraine‬وتشمل جذور النباتات‬
‫والبصالت إلى غیر ذلك‪.‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
 ‫‪2.‬‬
‫مقاطع األفقية‬
‫ال‬
‫كائنات‬‫لتوزيع ال‬
‫حية‬‫ال‬
9
 ‫‪ ‬تظھر المقاطع األفقیة على شكل مناطق متوالیة یختلف‬
‫تنبتھا كلما اتجھنا من جھة جغرافیة نحو أخرى‪ .‬ویرجع‬
‫ھذا االختالف إلى عوامل بیئیة خاصة‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬إلبراز التوزیع األفقي للنباتات نتتبع الخطوات التالیة‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1‬انجاز مظھر جانبي طبوغرافي للموقع المدروس انطالقا من‬
‫خریطة طبوغرافیة‬

‫‪10‬‬
 ‫‪ 2‬رسم مختلف أنواع النباتات الممیزة للوسط على المظھر‬
‫الجانبي الطبوغرافي‪ ،‬وذلك باستعمال رموز اصطالحیة‪.‬‬
‫‪ 3‬وضع مختلف اإلشارات المتعلقة بالتوجیه ‪ ,‬السلم‪ ،‬طبیعة‬
‫التربة‪ ،‬األودیة‪ ،‬الطرق‪...‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
12
 In two or three columns
Yellow Blue
Is the color of gold, butter Is the colour of the clear
and ripe lemons. In the sky and the deep sea. It is
spectrum of visible light, located between violet and
yellow is found between green on the optical
green and orange. spectrum.
13
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has
historically been
associated with sacrifice,
danger and courage.
A picture is worth a
thousand words
A complex idea can be
conveyed with just a single
still image, namely making
it possible to absorb large
amounts of data quickly.

14
Want big impact? Use big image.

15
 Use diagrams to explain your ideas

LOREM 3 LOREM 1
Vestibulum nec congue Vestibulum nec congue tempus
tempus lorem ipsum lorem ipsum

Vestibulum nec
congue tempus

LOREM 2
Vestibulum nec congue tempus lorem
ipsum
16
 And tables to compare data

A B C

Yellow 10 20 7

Blue 30 15 10

Orange 5 24 16

17
 Maps

our office

Find more maps at slidescarnival.com/extra-free-resources-icons-and-maps

18
89,526,124
Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?

19
 89,526,124$
That’s a lot of money

185,244 users
And a lot of users

100%
Total success!

20
 Our process is easy

Lorem 1 Lorem 2 Lorem 3

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis sit
amet odio vel purus bibendum
luctus. Morbi iaculis dapibus
tristique. In hac habitasse platea
dictumst.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis sit
amet odio vel purus bibendum
luctus. Morbi iaculis dapibus
tristique. In hac habitasse platea
dictumst.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
consectetur adipiscing elit. Duis sit
amet odio vel purus bibendum
luctus. Morbi iaculis dapibus
tristique. In hac habitasse platea
dictumst.

21
 Let’s review some concepts
Yellow Blue Red
Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible deep sea. It is located between violet this it has historically been associated
light, yellow is found between green and green on the optical spectrum. with sacrifice, danger and courage.
and orange.

Yellow Blue Red

Is the color of gold, butter and ripe Is the colour of the clear sky and the Is the color of blood, and because of
lemons. In the spectrum of visible deep sea. It is located between violet this it has historically been associated
light, yellow is found between green and green on the optical spectrum. with sacrifice, danger and courage.
and orange.

22
You can insert graphs from Excel or Google Sheets

23
 Place your screenshot
here

Mobile project
Show and explain your web, app or software projects using these gadget templates.

24
 Place your screenshot here

Tablet project
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25
 Place your screenshot here

Desktop project
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26
 THANKS!
Any questions?
You can find me at @username & user@mail.me

27
 Credits
Special thanks to all the people who made and released
these awesome resources for free:
✘ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival
✘ Photographs by Unsplash

28
 Presentation design
This presentation uses the following typographies:
✘ Titles: Amatic SC
✘ Body copy: Quicksand
Download for free at:
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/amatic
https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/quicksand

You don’t need to keep this slide in your presentation. It’s only here to serve you as a design guide if you need to
create new slides or download the fonts to edit the presentation in PowerPoint®

29
 SlidesCarnival icons are editable shapes.

This means that you can:

✘ Resize them without losing quality.
✘ Change fill color and opacity.
✘ Change line color, width and style.

Isn’t that nice? :)

Examples:

Find more icons at

slidescarnival.com/extra-free-resources-icons-and-m
aps

30
Diagrams and infographics

31
 You can also use any emoji as an icon!

😉
And of course it resizes without losing quality.
How? Follow Google instructions
https://twitter.com/googledocs/status/730087240156643328

✋👆👉👍👤👦👧👨👩👪💃🏃💑❤😂😉😋
😒😭😸💣
👶😸 🐟🍒🍔💣 📌📖🔨🎃🎈🎨🏈🏰🌏🔌🔑
and
many more...

32
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