Subject: Structural Design III Introduction of Subject: Examination Scheme

Examination Scheme
Civil Engineering Department
Subject: Structural Design III

Introduction of Subject
Presented By Structural Design III For Fourth Year

Prof. K.B.Bande Video lecture No. 1 Students
Examination Scheme
In sem. :30 + End sem. : 70Marks

Oral : 50 Marks
Duration : Insem. : 1.5 Hr
End sem. : 3 Hrs
Syllabus
Unit No. Contents
1 Prestressed concrete – Analysis
Introduction, Basic concepts, materials-various Pretensioning and post
tensioning systems, concept of losses, Stress calculations, and concept of
cable profile.
2 Prestressed concrete – Design

Design of post tensioned, prestressed concrete ,simply supported rectangular
and flanged sections for flexure and shear including end block.
Design of one way and two way post tensioned slabs (Single panel only)
3 Earthquake force calculation and analysis and design of frames

Review of methods of analysis for frames subjected to gravity and lateral
loads. Earthquake loads by seismic coefficient method. Estimation of
combined effect of lateral forces and vertical loading on multi storeyed
frames. Design any intermediate continuous beam of the frames for
combined effect of loadings
Syllabus
Unit No. Contents
4 Earth retaining structures
Introduction, Functions and types of retaining walls. Analysis and design of
RCC cantilever type of retaining wall for various types of backfill conditions.
5 Combined footings
Introduction, necessity and types of combined footings, design of slab type
and slab-beam type of combined footing.
6 Liquid retaining structures

Introduction, types, function, codal provisions, methods of analysis and
design of circular, square, and rectangular water tanks resting on ground.
Course Outcomes
Sr. No. Course Outcome
401003.1 Understand prestressing systems, methods, various
prestressing losses, cable profiles; knowledge of which is
mostly required in construction of bridges and slabs
401003.2 Design prestressed beams & slabs
401003.3 Analyse and design multistoried buildings (3-4 storeys) for
earthquake loads along with dead load & live loads.
401003.4 Design aspects of retaining walls, their practical
significance.
401003.5 Know in what situations combined footings are opted and
their design
401003.6 Design liquid retaining structures resting on ground only.
This knowledge is mostly required in the design and
construction of water tanks.
Design Codes
Code Description
IS 456:2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete
IS 875 -1987 Design Loads (other than earthquake)
For buildings and structures
IS 1343:2012 Prestressed Concrete

IS 3370 :2009 Concrete Structures for Storage of Liquids
IS 1893:2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design
of Structure
Part 1: General Provisions and Buildings
IS 13920: 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete
Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces
Term work
Sr. No. Description

1 Assignment on Loss calculation unit 1
2 Assignment on stress calculation unit 1
3 Design and detailing of design of prestressed girder from Unit 2
4 Assignment on Earthquake force calculation from unit 3
5 Design and detailing of frame(beam only) from Unit 3

Term work
Sr. No. Description
6 Design and detailing of retaining wall for any type of loading from
Unit 4
7 Design and detailing combined footing from Unit 5
8 Design and detailing of ground resting water tank from Unit 6

9 Minimum five full imperial sheets based on four projects of RCC
and one project of pre-stressed concrete.
10 Report on analysis of assignment on unit 3 by software or computer

program
11 Two site visit reports one each of R.C.C. and another P.S.C.
References
Text Books
 Limit state theory and design of reinforced - Dr. V. L. Shah
and Dr S. R. Karve - Structures Publications,Pune
 Fundamentals of Reinforced Concrete- N.C. Sinha, S.K. Roy
– S. Chand & Co. Ltd
 Advanced design of structures- Krishnaraju - Mc Graw Hill
 Prestressed Concrete- N. Krishna Raju – Tata Mc Graw Hill
Publication Co.
Reference Books
 Design of reinforced Concrete structures- M. L. Gambhir –
PHI
 Reinforced Concrete, Vol I- Dr.H J. Shah Charotar Publishing
House
 Prestressed Concrete – A Fundamental Approach- Edward
Nawy – PHI.
Examination Scheme

Unit I:Presrtessed Concrete-Analysis
Introduction of Prestressing

Introduction
• Basic Concept
What is prestressing?
Prestressing is the application of an initial load on a
structure, to enable it to counteract the stresses arising
from subsequent loads during its service period.
• Examples of Prestressing Before Development of
Prepressed concrete
Force-fitting of metal bands on wooden barrels.

It includes a state of initial hoop compression, to
counteract the hoop tension caused by filling of liquid
in the barrels.
Pre-tensioning the spokes in a bicycle wheel
The pre-tension is to such an extent that there will

always be a residual tension in the spoke.
• Prestressed Concrete
Concrete in which effective internal stresses are induced

(usually, by means of tensioned steel) before the
structure is loaded, to counteract the stresses resulting
from the applied service loads.
Why we need prestresing for concrete?
Concrete’s tensile strength is only 8-14% of its

compressive strength.
Crack develop at early stages of loading in flexural
members (beams, slabs)
To prevent such crack, compressive forces can be
suitably applied in the longitudinal direction, either
concentrically or eccentrically ( linear
prestressing)
 Prestressing enhances the bending, shear and
torsional capacities of the flexural members.
 In cylindrical tanks, the hoop tensile stresses can be

effectively counteracted by circular prestressing.
Examination Scheme


Definitions
Advantages of Prestressing
Limitations of Prestressing
Types of Prestressing
Source of prestressing force
External or internal prestressing
Pre-tensioning or post-tensioning
Linear or circular prestressing
Full, limited or partial prestressing
Uniaxial, biaxial or multiaxial prestressing
Manufacturing of Pre-tensioned Railway Sleepers
Construction of Post-tensioned Bridge Girder.
Definitions
Form of Prestressing steel
Wires: Prestressing wire is a single unit made of

steel
Strands: Two, three or seven wires are wound to form a

prestressing strand.
Tendon: A group of strands or wires are wound to form

a prestressing tendon
• Cable: A group of tendons form a prestressing cable
• Bars: A tendon can be made up of a single steel bar.

The diameter of a bar is much larger than that of a
wire.
Nature of Concrete –Steel interface
Bonded Tendon: When there is adequate bond between

the prestressing tendon and concrete, it is called a
bonded tendon. Pre-tensioning and grouted post-
tensioned tendons are bonded tendon.
Unbonded Tendon: When there is no bond between the

prestressing tendon and concrete, it is called unbonded
tendon. When grout is not applied after post-tensioning,
the tendon is an unbonded tendon.
Stages of Loading
The analysis of prestressed members can be different for
the different stages of loading. The stages of loading are
as follows.
1) Initial: It can be subdivided into two stages.

a) During tensioning of steel
b) At transfer of prestress to concrete
2) Intermediate: This includes the loads during
transportation of the prestressed members.
3) Final: It can be subdivided into two stages.

a) At service, during operation
b) At ultimate, during extreme events.
Advantages of Prestressing
1) Section remains uncracked under service loads
 Reduction of steel corrosion

Increase in durability
 Full section is utilised

Higher moment of inertia (higher stiffness)
Less deformations (improved serviceability)
 Increase in shear capacity.

 Suitable for use in pressure vessels, liquid retaining
structures.
 Improved performance (resilience) under dynamic

and fatigue loading.
2) High span-to-depth ratios
 Larger spans possible with prestressing

( Bridges, buildings with large column-free spans)
Typical values of span-to-depth ratios in slabs are given below.

Non-prestressed slab 28:1
Prestressed slab 45:1.
 For the same span, less depth compared to RC member.

Reduction in self weight
More aesthetic appeal due to slender sections
More economical sections.
3) Suitable for precast construction
The advantages of precast construction are as follows

 Rapid construction
 Better quality control
 Reduced maintenance
 Suitable for repetitive construction
 Multiple use of formwork
Reduction of formwork
 Availability of standard shapes
Hollow Core
Precast Girder
Precast Concrete Pile
Limitations of Prestressing
Although prestressing has advantages, some aspects
need to be carefully addressed
 Skilled technology (hence, not as common as

reinforced concrete)
 Use of high strength materials is costly.
 There is additional cost in auxiliary equipments.
 Need for quality control and inspection.
Examination Scheme


1. Source of prestressing force
This classification is based on the method by which the

prestressing force is generated. There are four sources
of prestressing system: Mechanical, hydraulic, electrical
and chemical.
2. External or internal prestressing
This classification is based on the location of the

prestressing tendon with respect to the concrete section.
3. Pre-tensioning or post-tensioning
This is the most important classification and is based on

the sequence of the casting the concrete and applying
tension to the tendons.
4. Linear or circular prestressing

This classification is based on the shape of the member
prestressed.
5. Full, limited or partial prestressing
Based on the amount of prestressing force, three types

of prestressing are defined.
6. Uniaxial, biaxial or multi-axial prestressing

As the names suggest, the classification is based on the
direction of prestressing a member.
The individual types of prestressing are explained next.

Source of Prestressing Force
Hydraulic Prestressing
This is the simplest type of prestressing, producing large

prestressing forces. The hydraulic jack used for the
tensioning of tendons, comprises of calibrated pressure
gauges which directly indicate the magnitude of force
developed during the tensioning.
Mechanical Prestressing
In this type of prestressing, the devices includes weights

with or without lever transmission, geared transmission
in conjunction with pulley blocks, screw jacks with or
without gear drivers and wire-winding machines. This
type of prestressing is adopted for mass scale
production.
Electrical Prestressing
In this type of prestressing, the steel wires are

electrically heated and anchored before placing concrete
in the moulds. This type of prestressing is also known as
thermo-electric prestressing.
Chemical Prestressing
In this type of prestressing, expansive cements are used

and the degree of expansion is controlled by varying the
curing conditions. The expansive action of cement is
restrained while setting. This generates tensile forces in
the tendons and compressive stresses in concrete.
External or internal Prestressing
External Prestressing
When the prestressing is achieved by elements located

outside the concrete member( for example, by cables
laying outside a beam), it is called external prestressing.
This technique is adopted in repaire and strengthening
works, such as retrofitting of bridges.
External or internal Prestressing
Internal Prestressing
When the prestressing is achieved by elements located

inside the concrete member( commonly, by embedded
tendons), it is called internal prestressing. Most of the
applications of prestressig are internal prestressing.
Pre-tensioning or Post-tensioning
Pre-tensioning
The tension is applied to the tendons before casting of

the concrete. The pre-compression is transmitted from
steel to concrete through bond over the transmission
length near the ends.
Post-tensioning
The tension is applied to the tendons (located in a duct)

after hardening of the concrete. The pre-compression is
transmitted from steel to concrete by the anchorage
device (at the end blocks).
Linear or Circular Prestressing
Linear Prestressing
When the prestressed members are straight or flat, in

the direction of prestressing, the prestressing is called
linear prestressing. For example, prestressing of
beams, piles, poles and slabs. The prestressing cable
profile may be curved.
Circular Pre-tensioning
When the prestressed members are curved, in the

direction of prestressing, the prestressing is called
circular prestressing. For example, circumferential
prestressing of tanks, silos, pipes and similar structure.
Full, Limited or Partial Prestressing
Full Prestressing
When the level of prestressing is such that no tensile

stress is allowed in concrete under service loads, it is
called Full Prestressing( Type1, as per IS:1343-1980)
Limited Prestressing
When the level of prestressing is such that the tensile

stress under service loads is within the cracking
stress of concrete, it is called Limited Prestressing
( Type 2, as per IS:1343-1980)
Partial Prestressing
When the level of prestressing is such that under tensile

stresses due to service loads, the crack width is within
the allowable, it is called Partial Prestressing
( Type 3, as per IS:1343-1980)
Uniaxial, Biaxial or Multiaxial Prestressing
Uniaxial Prestressing
When the prestressing cables are parallel to one axis, it

is called Uniaxial Prestressing. For example,
longitudinal prestressing of beams.
Biaxial Prestressing
When there are prestressing cables parallel to two axes,

it is called Biaxial Prestressing. For example, biaxial
prestressing of slabs.
Multiaxial Prestressing
When the prestressing cables are parallel to more than

two axes, it is called Multiaxial Prestressing. For
example, prestressing of domes.
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