SOCIAL AND NATURAL

SCIENCES
 LEARNING COMPETENCY

• DISCUSS THE NATURE, GOALS AND PERSPECTIVES IN/OF

ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE

• EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOCIAL AND NATURAL

SCIENCE
“A person may escape society
for a while, but he can never
escape culture.”
- Joseph H. Fichter.”
The Study of the Social World: Sociology

• Sociology - study of society, social institutions, and social relationships

• It describe and explain human behavior
• Peter Berger sociology enables us to see “general patterns in particular
events”
• It emerged during Political and Social Revolution.
• Emile Durkheim pioneering study on suicide in the 1800s.
The Study of the Social World: Sociology
• Sociology came from the Latin word socius – means companion and
Greek word logos – means to study. It is a systematic study of human
relationship along with human society and interaction.
 EARLY THINKERS

August Comte (1798-1857) – invented sociology (1842), Greek

word socius – companion and Latin word logy – study
• Social Physics = Sociology
• Discover social laws that govern the development of society
• He focused on the idea of improving the development of the society and
how it operates.
 EARLY THINKERS

Auguste Xavier Comte

• French philosopher that dubbed as “the first philosopher of
science”
• “Father of Sociology”
Karl Marx
• Karl Marx (1818-1883)- German philosopher and revolutionary
• Focused relationship between workers and the economy and began to study
society
• Communist Manifesto - misery of the lower class (working class) caused
by the existing social order
Emile Durkheim
• Emile Durkheim (1864-1920) - French sociologist
• Suicide - social forces strongly impact on people’s lives and that seemingly
personal event is not personal after all.
• He defended sociology as a separate and independent field from
psychology.
Emile Durkheim
• His notable works are The Division of Labor in Society
(1893) which tackles the transformation of a society from
a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society.
Max Weber (1864-1920)
• He emphasized the role of rationalization in the development of society. It
refers essentially to the disenchantment of the world.
• As bureaucracy efficiency possesses supreme value, other values such as
personal relationship and intimacies are gradually
rejected.
Sociologist in the country
• Fr. Valentin Marin- was introduced the sociology in the Philippines
• Dr. Serafin N. Macaraig the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate degree in
sociology and to write a sociology textbook, An Introduction to Sociology,
in 1938.
• University of the Philippines was the first school to offer a major in
sociology.
 AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY

• Social Organization
• Social Psychology
• Human Ecology
• Applied Sociology
• Population Studies
• Social Change
• Sociological Theory and Research
 SOCIETY

• Came from the French word “societas” which means

companionship
• It is a highly structured system of human organization that also
follows common laws, traditions, values and customs
 THE HOLISTIC STUDY OF HUMANITY:
ANTHROPOLOGY

• From two Greek words anthropos and logos, studies human and
the respective cultures where they were born and actively
belong to.
• Father or even grandfather of all social and behavioral sciences
like sociology, economics and psychology
 THE HOLISTIC STUDY OF HUMANITY:
ANTHROPOLOGY

• Anthropology is a branch of Social Science that deals with all

aspects of human beings including their biological evolution
and social and cultural features that definitively distinguish
humans from other animal species.
 THE HOLISTIC STUDY OF HUMANITY:
ANTHROPOLOGY

• Physical anthropology focuses on the biological and

evolutionary framework of humanity.
• Archaeology which investigates of prehistoric cultures as its
primary focus, has been an essential part of anthropology since it
became a separate and distinct discipline in the end of the 19th
century.
 CHARLES DARWIN’S “ON THE ORIGIN OF
SPECIES” (1859)

•Charles Robert Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS was an English

naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his
contributions to the science of evolution. His proposition that all
species of life have descended from common ancestors is now
widely accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science.
 BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI

• founding father whose writing focus on ethnography, social

theory and field research
• Ethnography is a branch of anthropology and the systematic
study of individual cultures.
• Introduced participant observation as a method of studying
culture.
 FRANZ BOAS (1858-1942)

• Father of American Anthropology. His works focused on rejecting the

biological basis of racism or racial discrimination. He also rejected the
Western idea of social evolution thus, he favored historical particularism.

• He also advocated cultural relativism or the complexity of all culture

whether primitive or not.
• Culture comes from Latin word cultura, means cultivation. British
anthropologist Edward B. Tylor (1832-1917) from his book Primitive
Culture (1871)

• “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts,

morals, law, custom, and all aspects of man as a member of society”
THE STUDY OF POLITICS: POLITICAL SCIENCE

• Political Science - deals with the study of politics, power, and government
• Politics - the process of making collective decisions in a community,
society, or group through application of influence and power

“The personal is political”

 POLITICS

• how power is gained and employed to develop authority and influence on

social affairs
• used to promulgate guiding rules to govern the state
• tactic for upholding collaboration among members of a community
• allied with government which is considered as the ultimate authority
• Role of Government is to rule the society by stipulating and transmitting
the basic laws that will supervise the freedom of the people
 POLITICS AS SCIENCE

•Science is commonly defined as the knowledge derived from

experiment and observation systematically done
• The etymology of Political Science came from two ancient
words. The word political came from Greek word “polis”
means city-state and science comes from Latin word “scire”
which means to know
 AREAS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

• Political Theory – It deals with the accumulation of principles

identifying with the basis, structure, conduct, and operations of
the state
• Public Law – It pertains to laws or ordinances which control the
framework of public governance. •
• Public Administration – It serves as an academic discipline that
studies civil service and governance.
AREAS OF
POLITICAL
SCIENCE
REFERENCE
•HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/ADRIANCHRISTI
ANBULGAN/CHAPTER-1-37865359#:~:TEXT=
%E2%80%94FR.,48.
• KUPDF.NET_MODULE-UCSP.PDF
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