WELCOME TO SEMINAR
FRAME RELAY
SUBMITTED BY:
Suman Sova Acharya
ROLL NO:0301209265
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ARCHITECTURE OF
LIMITATIONS OF X.25 FRAME RELAY
AND T-1 LINES FRAD
FEATURES OF FRAME VOFR
RELAY LMI
CONGESTION CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Frame Relay is a high performance virtual circuit WAN protocol
that operates at the datalink and network layer of the OSI
model.
Frame relay consist of an efficient and transmission technique
used to send digital information quickly and cheaply in a relay
of frames to one or more destinations from.one or more end
points.
Voice and data an an encapsulation technique used between
LAN by network providers..
LIMITATIONS OF X.25 AND T-1
LINES
Low data rate of 64kbps.
Extensive flow and error control at both data link and
network layer.
T-1 lines came to existance.
Its data rate was 1.544mbps.
Bursty data required bandwidth.
N branches=n(n+1)/2 T-1 or T-3 lines.
Due to all these disadvantages FRAME RELAY came to
existance.
FEATURES OF FRAME RELAY
Operates at higher speed of 44.376 MBPS .
Operates only in physical and data link layer.
Allows bursty data rate.
Less expensive than other traditional WANs.
It provides congestion control and quality of service.
CONGESTION
Congestion means overload.
Congestion in network may occur if users send data into
the network at a rate greater than that allowed by network
resources.
Congestion decreases throughput and increases delay.
CONGESTION CONTROL
Congestion control is the mechanism or technique to
control the congestion & keep the load below capacity.
Congestion control mechanism is categorised into:-
- Open loop congestion control.
- Close loop congestion control.
OPEN LOOP CONGESTION CONTROL
In open loop congestion control,policies are applied to prevent
congestion before it occurs .
In this mechanism congestion control is handled by either source o
the destination.
The different types of open loop policies are:-
- Retransmission Policy.
- Acknowledgement Policy .
- Discarding policy .
- Admission Policy .
CLOSE LOOP CONGESTION
CONTROL
In close loop congestion control mechanism,policies are
applied to alleviate congestion after it happens .
The different types of close loop policies are:-
- Back Pressure .
- Choke Point .
- Implicit Signaling .
- Explicit Signaling .
- Backward Signaling .
- Forward Signaling .
ARCHITECTURE
Frame relay provides permanent virtual circuit and switch
circuit.
The routers are used to connect LANs and WAN s in the internet.
Frame relay supports multiple connections over a single link.
In the case of frame relay, these are called data link
connections and each has a unique data link identifier(DLCI).
LAYERS OF FRAME RELAY
Frame relay has only
physical and data link
layers.
Physical layer
coordinates the
functions and
procedures required to
transmit a bit stream
over a physical medium.
CONTINUED………...
Data link layer makes the physical layer apper error-free
to the upper layer and provides flow and error control
facility .
At data link layer,frame relay employs a simplified version
of High Level Data Link Layer(HDLC) .
HDLC
HDLC is a protocol designed to support both the half
duplex and full duplex communication.
It implements ARQ mechanism.
HDLC provides two modes of transmission-
- Normal Response Mode
- Asynchronous Balanced Mode
FRAME FORMAT OF FRAME RELAY
CONTINUED…………...
Each frame consist of five fields:-
- A beginning flag field.
- An address field .
- An information field .
- A frame check sequence field .
- An ending flag field .
CONTINUED…………...
Flag field is of 1 byte and it identifies the beginning and
end of a frame.
The address field consists of eight fields:-
CONTINUED…………...
ADDRESS FIELD is of 2 byte and it has various field:-
First part of DLCI uses 6 bit of the first 1 byte and the second
part uses 4 bit of the second 1 byte.
C/R FIELD bit is provided to allow upper layers to identify a
frame as either a command or a response.
EA BIT indicates whether the current byte is the final byte of
the address.EA=0 means another address byte is to follow.
CONTINUED…………...
FECN bit can be set by any switch o indicate that traffic is
congested in which the frame is travelling.This field
indicates the destination that congestion has occurred.
CONTINUED…………...
BECN bit is set to indicate a congestion problem in the
direction opposite to the one in which frame is
traveling.This bit informs the sender that congestion has
occurred.
FRADs
To handle frames arriving from other protocols,Frame
Relay uses a device called frame relay
assembler\dissambler(FRAD)
A FRAD assembles and disassembles frames coming from
other protocols to allow them to be carried by Frame
Relay frames.
VOFR
Fame relay networks provide an option called Voice Over
Frame Relay (VOFR) that sends voice through the network .
Voice is digitized using PCM and then compressed .
The result is sent as data frames over the network .
This feature allows the inexpensive sending of voice over
long distances .
LMI
Local management information (LMI) is a protocol added
recently to the frame relay protocol to provide more
management features .
LMI can provide:-
- A Keep-alive mechanism to check if data are
flowing .
- A multicast mechanism to allow a local end system
to send frames to more than one remote end system .
- A mechanism to allow an end system to check the
status of a switch .
CONCLUSION
Frame relay is a cost effective and high
performance WAN protocol.It is now used over a
variety of other network interfaces as well.
THANK YOU
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