FIRE

SAFETY
INTRODUCTION

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1 PPNS - ITS
 FIRE SAFETY ON BOARD

Fire safety is an important part of the SMS (ISM

Code), due to:

 Great fire risk on board

 Great losses: Lives
Material
Financial

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 Total losses due to fire

Other Fire & explosion

10% 20%
22%
Weather

Collision
14% &
contact

18% 16%
Machinery Grounding

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 Loss of Lives
About 50% of all lives lost onboard ships are caused by:
 Cargo Tank (24%)
 Deck (6 %)
 Engine Room (ship in service) ( 4 %)
 Engine Room (ship under repair) ( 6 %)
 Pump Room (1 %)
 Structural Defect followed by (3 %)
 Other (inc accommodation) (3 %)

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Different types of ships have different risk profile

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 Where do the risks come from?

1 Oil storage 5 Restaurants & Bars

2 Engine room / Power station 6 Shops
3 Garage / Warehouse 7 Conference rooms
4 Hotel 8 Control station

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 Distribution of Fires onboard Ships

 ENGINE ROOM Oil units

~ 60 % Electrical installations
Funnel & Casing
Insulation

 ACCOMMODATION Galley
~ 25 % Cabins
Store rooms

 CARGO SPACES
~ 15 %

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 ENGINE ROOM Oil units, Electrical installations, Funnel & Casing
~ 60 %

HIGH FIRE RISK

The magnitude of the

fire risk depends,
among other things,
on the design of the
engine

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ENGINE ROOM Oil units, Electrical installations, Funnel & Casing
~ 60 %

LOWER FIRE RISK

The magnitude of the

fire risk depends,
among other things,
on the design of the
engine

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ENGINE ROOM (~ 60 %) Oil units, Electrical installations,
Funnel & Casing

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ENGINE ROOM (~ 60 %) Oil units, Electrical installations,
Funnel & Casing

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 Distribution of Fires onboard Ships

ACCOMMODATION (~ 25 %) Cabins
Galley
Store
rooms
4 – 5 % of all
fires on board
starts in the
galley

Cooking oil
burning in a
frying pan or
a saucepan

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 Fire casualties
 CARGO SPACES (~ 15 %)

Arsons are
unfortunately
not unusual

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Dangerous when the ship is at a ship yard

WHY ?

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 Dangerous when the ship is at a ship yard
 decreased number of crewmembers
 partly new crewmembers
 works with a high fire risk
 materials with a high fire risk
being stored in insufficient places
 people, not familiar with ships, onboard
 lower standard of watch-keeping
 alarms out of order
 CO2 system out of order
 fire extinguishers and other fire
fighting materials taken ashore for overhauling
 sprinkler system blocked
 fire pumps and fire main line without water
 emergency and normal exits blocked by shipyard materials

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Fire casualties
At Sea
30%

In Port
62%
In Shipyard
8%

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Cases

 Levina
 Salam Al Boccaccio

 Dona Paz

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 OBJECTIVES

SOLAS Chapt II-2 Part A: General

Regulation 2: Fire safety objectives and functional requirements
1 Fire safety objectives

1.1 The fire safety objectives are:

.1 prevent the occurrence of fire and explosion
.2 reduce the risk to life,caused by fire
.3 reduce the risk of damage, caused by fire to the ship,
its cargo and the environment
.4 contain, control and suppress, fire and explosion in the
compartment of origin
.5 provide adequate and readily accessible means of escape for
passengers and crew

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 Functional requirements are achieved by certain
Basic Principles:

I. Built in fire protection:

.1 division of the ship into main vertical and horizontal zones by thermal
and structural boundaries
.2 separation of accommodation spaces from the remainder of the ship by
thermal and structural boundaries
.3 restricted use of combustible materials
II. Detection of fire:
.4 detection of any fire in the zone of origin
III. Extinguishing fire protection:
.5 containment and extinction of any fire in the space of origin
IV. Preventive fire protection:
.6 protection of means of escape and access for fire fighting
.7 ready availability of fire-extinguishing appliances
.8 minimization of possibility of ignition of flammable cargo vapour

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 The fire safety objectives are achieved by

compliance with the prescriptive requirements in:

Part B Prevention of fire and explosion
C Suppression of fire
D Escape
E Operational requirements
G Special requirements: a) helicopter facilities
b) carriage of dangerous goods
c) special category and ro-ro spaces
or
the design and arrangements have been reviewed and approved
in accordance with:
Part F: Alternative design and arrangements =
a) Engineering analysis
b) Evaluation of the alternative design and arrangements
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 FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS

Yesterday and today:

Prescriptive regulations (prescribes the
design in detail)

Today and tomorrow:

Performance based regulations (defines
the required performance)

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 Example on two ways to achieve
the same fire safety standards
Prescriptive regulations:
An A-60 bulkhead must be able to prevent the
spread of a standard fire for 60 minutes

Performance based regulations:

The arrangement shall be such as to prevent the
spread of fire in such a way, that no persons are
exposed to untenable conditions

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 FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS

For the ship For systems For test procedures

and equipment and type approval

SOLAS FSS Code FTP Code

Chapter II-2

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 International Code for Fire Safety Systems
(FSS Code)
Resolution MSC.98(73)
The Code is mandatory under SOLAS and entered into force on 1 July 2002.

The FSS Code provides

International standards for the fire safety systems and equipment
required by SOLAS Chapter II-2

In order to make the publication as comprehensive as possible for the use by

equipment and systems manufacturers, ship owners and operators, shipyards,
classification societies and Administrations, all related fire safety standards and
guidelines adopted by either the Assembly or the MSC are incorporated in the publication

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 International Code for Application of
Fire Test Procedures (FTP Code)
(Resolution MSC. 61(67))
Division of ships by thermal and structural boundaries and restrictions on the use of combustible
materials are important principles in chapter II-2 (SOLAS 1974).
The FTP Code provides international requirements for laboratory testing, type approval and fire test
procedures for the:

Non-combustibility test Test for primary deck

Smoke and toxicity test coverings
Test for A, B and F class Test for vertically supported
divisions textiles and films
Test for fire door control Test for upholstered furniture
systems Test for bedding components
Test for surface flammability
It is of paramount importance for the safety of passengers and crew that all materials used for the
construction of ships and equipment are fully in compliance with the fire protection requirements and
fire tests of materials must be properly conducted in accordance with the established test procedures.

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 Built in fire protection
 Fixed fire fighting equipment and its function

 Portable equipment and its function

 Fire stations

 Dangerous goods equipment station

 Fire & general alarm function

 Other alarms ( i.e. Gas detection system)

 Fire control plan & alarm list

 Quick closing valves

 Escape ways
26
 Scope of discussion

FIRE SAFETY ON BOARD :

1. BUILT IN FIRE PROTECTION

2. BUILT IN FIRE EXTINGUISHING
3. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHING
4. OPERATIONAL READINESS
5. ESCAPE WAYS
6. SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

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