TKT:KAL

Part 3: Grammar
Unit 4: Sentences
and clauses
 Learning outcomes:
• Knowledge: How different sentences and
clauses are formed, what they mean and how
they combine.

• Complete a TKT:KAL exam style question to

practice this knowledge
 What are usually
part of a sentence?
A subject and a Finite verb.
 Exercise 1:
• Use the different types of verbs in the box below to label the
underlined verbs in the sentences, for example Do in number 1 is an
auxiliary verb. Some verbs can be matched with more than one type
Main Auxiliary Action State Transitive Intransitive
• Reflexive

1. Do I know you?
2. He hurt himself
3. I was talking
4. They didn’t see me

Lets check…
 Exercise 2:
• Look at the underlined parts of the sentences below and
answer the questions

• 1. It depends on the weather

• 2. I believe in good luck
• 3. I remembered to ask Jane
• 4. I remember asking Jane
Is there a preposition after the verb?
Is there an object after the verb?
Is there a second verb and what form is it?
What is a verb pattern?

That’s correct…!
 Different verb patterns
• Some verbs are always followed by dependent prepositions
e.g. depend on

• Some verbs need more than one object

• Some verbs need a complement

o A phrase that is necessary to complete the meaning of a
particular verb in a clause or sentence…
• E.g. I am tired
• Tired is the compliment. Verbs such as
be, feel, become and get need a
complement in order to make sense
 Can you think of some
more verb patterns?
• Verbs followed by an infinitive form

• Verbs followed by –ing form

• *Be careful* verb patterns after verbs of perception can affect

meaning
• E.g…. I heard him speaking
• I heard him speak
 Exercise 3:
• Look at the sentences a)-d) which use the modal verbs can and might.
Answer the questions

o A) I finish work at 5 so I can go home soon

o B) That letter might have got lost in the post
o C) She might know Peter, I’m not sure.
o D) Can you help me please? I can’t find the Shampoo.

• 1. Where is the modal placed in the verb phrase?

• 2. What form is the verb after the modal?
• 3. How are questions and negatives formed with a modal?
• 4. What is the past form?
• What happens when she is used?
 What are The nine pure
modal verbs?
That’s correct!! They are: Can, Could, May, Might, Will, Would, Should,
Must and Shall
 Do Modals behave like
other verbs?
• They do not use Auxiliary verbs to form questions and
negatives

• They use have and the past participle when making a past
form
 What are Semi-Modal
verbs?
• Have to, ought to, need to, be able to

• Why are they semi modals?

o They change their form to show person

o They have a past form or use another auxiliary

• Some semi modals can behave like full modals

o E.g. A question with need to can be …need you go?
 Can the same modal verb
be used for different
functions?
To help you decide what meaning and function a
modal verb has in a sentence you need to look at the
context
 Exercise 4
• Match the examples of modals A-E with the functions 1-5:

• A) You must always show your passport at the check in desk

• B) The letter must be lost, they posted it last week
• C) You should see a doctor about those headaches
• D) Could you carry this bag for me please
• E) May I open the window it’s very hot?

o 1. making logical deduction

o 2. expressing obligation
o 3. making requests
o 4. asking permission
o 5. giving advice
What are hypothetical
situations?
That’s correct!!
 Exercise 5
• What type of verbs are underlined in sentences 1 and 2? What form are the
verbs in 3, 4 and 5 in?

o 1. I would never lie to my parents; it’s totally unthinkable

o 2. Nowadays, I could never stay up all night like I used
to when I was younger
o 3. Suppose you won £1,000,000…I know you won’t but
just suppose
o 4. If only I hadn’t lost my wallet! But there’s nothing I
can do about it now.
o 5. I wish I wasn’t going to work tomorrow but I have to.
 How do we express
hypothetical situations?
• Some Modal verbs e.g. Would and could

• Generally what verb tense do we use to express hypothetical

situations?

• That’s right!! The past tenses!

• What’s the difference between…

• Nowadays, I could never stay up all night.

• Nowadays, I can never stay up all night
 What do adverbs do?
• That’s correct…They modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs!

• Can you name some different types of adverbs?

• Place (here, there, nearby)

• Degree (extremely, very, really)
• Manner (carefully, slowly, well)
• Quantity (a lot, much, a little)
• Time (before, recently, yet)
BE CAREFUL: DIFFERENT ADVERBS GO IN
DIFFERENT PLACES IN SENTENCES!!
 How do we form
adverbs?
• Add ly to an adjective…e.g. slow + slowly

• Some have the same form as adjectives…e.g. hard

• Some are not formed from adjectives …e.g. very

 What are adverbial
clauses?
Groups of one or more words that act as adverbs….
For example… I arrived at the party before you did

Adverbs and adverbial clauses are all classed as

ADVERBIALS
 Do verbs have different
‘voices’?
What does the voice of a verb tell us?
 There are 2 main ‘voices’
in English
• The active voice
• Here the subject is important - the person who did the
action (the object is the person/thing who received the
action.

• The Passive voice

o The subject is the person/thing who received the action of

the verb

• How do we form the passive?

• The verb to be + the past participle
 Exercise 6
• Look at the sentences below and decide why the passive voice
has been used in each case

• 1. Tickets must be bought from official ticket agencies only

• 2. First the coffee beans are picked then roasted in ovens

• 3.I know very little about coffee but I’m sure it can’t be grown in Europe

• 4. I’m sorry but my essay won’t be finished today

• 5. I was very amused by the film that we watched at you house the other night
 When do we use the
passive?
• The person who does the action is obvious?

• The person is not important

• To begin a phrase with a topic we already know

• To avoid showing responsibility

• To avoid having a long noun phrase

• To show a more formal style

 Is this the passive?
• I got cut off

• I got my hair cut/I had my hair cut

o This sentence is an example of the

Causative Passive…someone else did
or caused the action
 Any questions…?
Lets try some activities!