The Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech are types of word we use to express our ideas to others in the
form of sentences. A sentence is normally composed of different parts of
speech like noun, verb, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, and
conjunction.
Each part of speech serves different functions in a sentence.
1. A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing, or an idea.

2. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

3. An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or pronoun.

4. A verb is a word which expresses action or helps to make a statement.

5. An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb.
6. A preposition is a word used to show the relationship of a noun or a
pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
Noun
There are four types of nouns in English:
1. Common nouns: dog, table, man
2. Proper nouns: Tom, France, Madrid, Mrs. Smith
3. Abstract nouns: beauty, fear, responsibility, courage
4. Collective nouns: team, crowd, group, flock, swarm

Nouns can serve different functions in sentences.

a. The subject of a verb: Tom arrived; My father called me.
b. The object of a verb: I saw Berta; We invited the guests.
c. The complement of the verb be, become, seem: Eric is a
mechanic; My brother will become a doctor.
d. The object of a preposition: I spoke to Brandon; She is angry
with Mona.
Noun is classified into two types in English:
1. Countable nouns: table, student, plane, horse
2. Uncountable nouns: money, water, sugar, flour, milk
Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms, but uncountable nouns
only have singular form.
Countable nouns
a book > two books, an umbrella > some umbrellas, a bottle > a few bottles
The plural of a noun is usually made by adding s to the singular form:
dog > dogs, day > days, house > houses
Exceptions
A. Nouns ending in –o, –ss, -sh, -ch, or –x form their plural by adding –es,
like:
tomato > tomatoes, kiss > kisses, brush > brushes, watch > watches, box >
boxes
But some words of foreign origin or abbreviated words ending in –o adds –s
only, like:
piano > pianos, kimono > kimonos, dynamo > dynamos, photo > photos
B. Nouns ending in –y following a consonant form their plural by dropping the
y and adding ies:
baby > babies, lady > ladies, country > countries, fly > flies
Nouns ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s only, like:
donkey > donkeys, boy > boys, day > days
C. Twelve nouns ending in –f or –fe drop the f or fe and add ves. These
nouns are:
wife > wives, life > lives, knife > knives, wolf > wolves, self > selves, calf
> calves, shelf > shelves, leaf > leaves, loaf > loaves, thief > thieves,
sheaf > sheaves, half > halves
But the nouns scarf, wharf, and hoof take either s or ves in the plural. So
we may use: scarfs or scarves, wharfs or wharves, hoofes or hooves
D. A few nouns form their plural by a vowel change:
man > men, woman > women, louse > lice, goose > geese, foot > feet,
tooth > teeth, mouse > mice, ox > oxen
Note: The plural child is children
Uncountable nouns
Uncountable/non count nouns do not have any plural form and are always
considered as singular. To show the quantity, the nouns are usually
preceded by the quantifiers, like:
a kilogram of sugar, two tins of milk, a pail of water, a lot of flour
Certain words in English are always singular, like:
advice, information, knowledge, news, baggage, luggage, furniture, rubbish