Suport curs gramatica sem 1 2012-2013 NOUNS THE PLURAL FORM

In general the plural form of nouns is formed by adding the letter -s. pen pens dog dogs student students However words that end in ch, -x, or s will require an es to form the plural. dish dishes mix mixes kiss kisses Some nouns have irregular plural forms. child children woman women man men mouse mice Also there are a number of nouns that maintain their Greek or Latin form.
singular analysis appendix axis basis cactus criterion datum diagnosis index plural analyses appendixes/appendices axes bases cacti criteria data diagnoses indexes/indices

medium oasis octopus phenomenon syllabus thesis

media oases octopuses/octopi phenomena syllabuses/syllabi theses

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form. deer- deer fish fish sheep- sheep Note: Some nouns (like news, mathematics, economics) appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb. This news is perfect. COUNT- NOUNS and MASS NOUNS Count-nouns are the nouns that can be preceded by one (can be counted) and may have a plural form. one boy two boys one chair two chairs one foot two feet Mass-nouns cannot be preceded by one (cannot be counted) and cannot have a plural form. bread plastic aluminum publicity milk ice steel biology water cloth glass history Some mass-nouns can be pluralized when we use them to express a type: The waters of the Danube are polluted. The French are famous for their cheeses and their wines. Many mass-nouns name abstractions (and are called abstract nouns): peace courage liberty anger progress culture

Note: Some abstract nouns do have in certain situations (usually with a change of meaning) a plural form: This position requires experience. He had a lot of unpleasant experiences as a police officer. My work is boring. The works of Leonardo impressed people for centuries. Gender of Nouns Gender has the same relation to nouns that sex has to individuals, but while there are only two sexes, there are four genders: masculine - the masculine gender denotes all those of the male kind feminine - the feminine gender all those of the female kind neuter - the neuter gender denotes inanimate things or whatever is without life common - common gender is applied to animate beings, the sex of which for the time being is indeterminable, such as fish, mouse, bird, etc Sometimes things which are without life as we conceive it and which, properly speaking, belong to the neuter type of noun, are, by a figure of speech called Personification, changed into either the masculine or feminine, as, for instance, we say of the sun, He is rising; of the moon, She is setting. The English language, unlike most others, applies the distinction of Masculine and Feminine only to the names of persons and animals: man, woman; boy, girl; lion, lioness. Nouns which denote things without animal life are said to be Neuter or of Neuter Gender When the same name is used for male and female, it is said to be Common or of Common Gender : bird, fish, parent, sovereign, friend. There are three ways of indicating difference of Gender in Nouns:-

1. By adding a suffix -ess ex. lion - lioness 2. By using compound words ex. boy-friend, landlord, he-wolf 3. By distinct words ex. father-mother

Masculine and feminine gender

actor author bachelor boy actress authoress spinster girl

bridegroom brother conductor count czar dad daddy duke emperor

bride sister conductress countess czarina mum mummy duchess empress

father father-in-law gentleman giant god governor grandfather headmaster heir hero host hunter husband king lad landlord lord man

mother mother-in-law lady giantess goddess matron grandmother headmistress heiress heroine hostess huntress wife queen lass landlady lady woman

manager manservant master milkman monk Mr. murderer nephew papa poet postmaster prince prophet proprietor shepherd sir son son-in-law

manageress maidservant mistress milkmaid nun Mrs. murderess niece mama poetess postmistress princess prophetess proprietress shepherdess madam daughter daughter-in-law

step-father step-son steward sultan uncle waiter wizard

step-mother step-daughter stewardess sultana aunt waitress witch boar buck sow doe

bull bull-elephant

cow cow-elephant

cock cock-pigeon dog drake drone

hen hen-pigeon bitch duck bee

fox gander he-bear he-goat he-wolf leopard lion peacock ram stallion tiger tom-cat turkey-cock

vixen goose she-bear she-goat she-wolf leopardess lioness peahen ewe mare tigress tabby-cat turkey-hen

THE VERB

The verb is perhaps the most important part of the sentence. A verb asserts something about the subject of the sentence and expresses actions, events, or states of being. The verb is (or is an essential part of) the predicate of a sentence. There are three properties which characterize verbs in English--tense, voice, and

mood. In English the fourteen verb tenses express the time or relative time in which an action or condition occurs. The voice of a verb, passive or active, expresses whether the action is being received by the subject or being done by the subject. In sentences written in active voice, the subject performs the action expressed in the verb; the subject acts. The man drives the car. In sentences written in passive voice, the subject receives the action expressed in the verb . The car is driven by the man. The mood of a verb is the manner in which the action or condition is conceived or intended. In English there are three verb moods. Indicative, a verb stating an apparent fact or asking a question. This is the way verbs are normally used in English. Imperative, a verb stating a command or request. Go away! Please leave! Subjunctive, a verb expressing a doubt, desire, supposition, or condition contrary to fact. If I were you, I would drive more carefully I wish that his report were longer. Verbs are also classified according to function. Action verbs show action or possession. Action verbs are either transitive or intransitive. Transitive verbs carry the action of a subject and apply it to an object. They tells us what the subject does to something else (object). He bought a shirt. She lost her wallet. Intransitive verbs do not take an object; they express actions that do not require the subjects doing something to something else. He runs. She dances. Auxiliary verbs, also called helping verbs, are used with other verbs to change the tense, voice, or condition of the verb. Conditional verbs are verbs conjugated with could, would, or should to show a possible condition. The principal parts of a verb

are the four forms of the verb from which all forms of the verb can be made. In English the four principal parts are the present (or infinitive), the past tense, the past participle, and the present participle. Since the present participle is always formed the same way (add -ing), some lists of principal parts omit it. To make the past tense or past participle form of most verbs (regular verbs) we simply add ed at the end. Past Tense: I walked home. Past Participle: I have walked home. Irregular verbs are not that simple. We sometimes need a dictionary to help us write the different forms of irregular verbs. (see appendix for a list of irregular verbs) Past Tense: We saw the plane crash. Past Participle: We have seen them.

TIMPURILE VERBELOR LIMBII ENGLEZE

Timpul

Forma Aff.

Cum se formeaz S + vb(prima form) S + dont/doesnt + vb(prima form)

Meniuni

The present tense simple Int. Neg. ____________________

Do/Does + s + vb (prima form

Ex:I always go to school every day. Aff. S + to be + vb-ing

The present tense continous Int. To be + s + vb-ing Neg. S + to be (negativ) + vb-ing ____________________

Ex:I am going to the school now. Aff. The future tense simple Int. Neg. S + shall not//will not + vb(sh.inf) S + shall/will + vb(short inf) Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow next year , next month.

Shall/Will + S + vb(sh.inf.) Ex: I will go to my parents next month. Aff. The future tense continous Int. Shall/will + S + be + vbing Ex: They will be watching T.V. this time in week -end. Aff. The past tense simple Neg. S + vb-ed(VB REGULATE) S + vb(a doua coloana) S + didnt + sh. Int) Int. Did + S + vb(sh.int) Ex: I played football last year. Aff. The past tense S + was/were + vb-ing Exprim o aciune trecut n desfurare : ,,this time Exprim o aciune care s-a desfurat i s-a ncheiat ntr-un moment trecut precizat (adv.timp): the day befor yesterday, last year. Neg. S+shall not/will not + be + vb-ing S + shall/will + be + vb-ing Exprim o aciune viitoare n desfaurare ntr-un viitor.

continous

Neg.

S + wasnt/werent + vbing

yesterday Arat doua aciuni n desfurare simultan.

Int. Was/Were + vb-ing

Ex: While my brother was plaing football , I was listening the radio. Aff. The past perfect tense simple Int. Had + s + vb(a-3-a form) Ex:I had come home before my mother arrived from office. Neg. S + had + vb(a-3-a forma)/ed Exprim o aciune care a avut loc i s-a petrecut naintea unui alt timp S + hadnt + vb(a-3-a form)/ed trecut.

Aff. The past perfect tense continous Int. Neg.

S + had + been + vb-ing S + hadnt + been + vb-ing

Exprim o aciune care s-a desfsurat continuu pe o perioada de timp i s-a ncheiat naintea unui alt

Had + s + been + vb-ing

timp.

Ex:I had been writing a letter for 20 minutes.

The present perfect tense simple

Aff.

S + have/has + vb(a-3-a form)

1)Exprim o aciune ce a avut loc i s-a ncheiat ntr-un moment trecut care nu este precizat; rezultatele acestei aciuni se pot vedea n prezent. 2)Exprim o aciune care s-a ncheiat recent. 3)Exprim o aciune trecut care a avut loc intr-un moment trecut ce

Neg. S + havent/hasnt + vb(a3-a form)/ed

Int. Have/Has + s + vb(a-3-a form)/ed

face parte dintr-o perioada de timp care nu s-a ncheiat nc. 4)Se folosete cu adverbele de frecven : always , sometime offen . 5)Exprim o aciune care tocmai s-a ncheiat : ,just 6)n propoziiile interogative se folosete adverbul ,,alreadypentru a arta uimirea vorbitorului.

Ex: 1) People have poluted the planet. 2) I have just done my homework. 3)My parents have alwais enjoi to country.

Aff. The present perfect tense continous

S + have/has + been + vbing

Exprim o aciune care a nceput n trecut i continu n prezent.

Neg. S + havent/hasnt + been + Int. vb-ing Have/Has + s + been + vbing

Ex:The boys have been plaing football for ten minutes.

LISTA VERBELOR NEREGULATE to be to bear to beat to become to begin to bend to bite to blow to break was, were bore beat became began bent bit blew broke been borne, born beaten become begun bent bitten blown broken

to bring to build to burn to burst to buy to catch to choose to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find

brought built burnt burst bought caught chose came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found

brought built burnt burst bought caught chosen come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found

to fly to forbid to forget to forgive to freeze to give to go to grow to hang to have to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to keep to kneel to know to lay to lead to lean to learn to leave to lend

flew forbade forgot forgave froze gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led leant learnt, learned left lent

flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen given gone grown hung had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt known laid led leant learnt, learned left lent

to let to lie to lose to make to mean to mow to meet to pay to put to read to ride to ring to rise to run to say to see to seek to sell to set to sew to shake to shine to shoot to show

let lay lost made meant mowed met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold set sewed shook shone shot showed

let lain lost made meant mown met paid put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold set sewn shaken shone shot shown

to shrink to shut to sing to sink to sleep to slide to smell to sow to speak to spell to spend to spill to spread to stand to stea1 to stick to stride to strike to strive to swear to sweep to swim to take to teach

shrank shut sang sank slept slid smelt sowed spoke spelt spent spilt spread stood stole stuck strode struck strove swore swept swam took taught

shrunk shut sung sunk slept slid smelt sown spoken spelt spent split spread stood stolen stuck stridden struck striven sworn swept swum taken taught

to tell to think to throw to understand

told thought threw understood

told thought thrown understood