Introduction to Complex Numbers

Adding, Subtracting, Multiplying

And Dividing Complex Numbers
SPI 3103.2.1      Describe any number in the complex number system.
 Complex Numbers (a + bi)

Natural (Counting) Numbers

bers
Whole Num
s
Integer
l N u m bers l # ’s
Rationa io na
rr at
I
l N u mbers
Re a
Imaginary #’s
To see a complex number we have to
first see where it shows up

Solve both of these

x  81  0
2
x  81  0
2

x  81
2 x  81
2

x  9 Uhoh…….what do
I do here?
 Definition: i  1

Note: i is the representation for 1 , not a

simplification of 1

So, following this definition:

i  1
2
i  i
3
i 1
4
 And it cycles….
i  1 i  i i  i
5 4
i  i i  i
9 8

i  1
2
i  i  i  1
6 4 2
i  i  i  1
10 8 2

i  i
3
i  i  i  i
7 4 3
i  i  i  i
11 8 3

i 1
4
i  1 i  1
8 4 4
i  1 i  1
12 8 4

Do you see a pattern yet?

Complex Numbers are written in
the form a + bi, where a is the real
part and b is the imaginary part.

x + yi
real part
imaginary part
To see a complex number we have to
first see where it shows up

Solve both of these

x  81  0
2
x  81  0
2

x  81
2 x  81
2

x  9
 And just so you know…
All real numbers are complex  3 = 3 + 0i

All imaginary numbers are complex 

7i = 0 + 7i

Again, treat the i as a variable and you will have no

problems.
 Complex
i is an imaginary number
 Complex
i is an imaginary number
 Or a complex number
 Complex
i is an imaginary number
 Or a complex number
 Or an unreal number
 Complex?
i is an imaginary number
 Or a complex number unreal
 Or an unreal number complex
 The terms are inter- imaginary
changeable
 Some observations
In the beginning there were counting numbers

2
 Some observations
Inthe beginning there were counting numbers
And then we needed integers

2
 Some observations
Inthe beginning there were counting numbers
And then we needed integers

-1 2
-3
 Some observations
Inthe beginning there were counting numbers
And then we needed integers
And rationals
1
0.41

-1 2
-3
 Some observations
Inthe beginning there were counting numbers
And then we needed integers
And rationals
1
And irrationals 0.41

-1 2
-3

2
 Some observations
Inthe beginning there were counting numbers
And then we needed integers
And rationals
1
And irrationals 0.41

And reals -1 0 2
-3


 So where do unreals fit in ?
We have always used them. 6 is not just 6 it is 6 +
0i. Complex numbers incorporate all numbers.
2i 3 + 4i

1
0.41

-1 0 2
-3


A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary
number
A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary
number
A number such as 6 is a purely real number
A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary
number
A number such as 6 is a purely real number
6 + 3i is a complex number
A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary
number
A number such as 6 is a purely real number
6 + 3i is a complex number
x + iy is the general form of a complex number
A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary
number
A number such as 6 is a purely real number
6 + 3i is a complex number
x + iy is the general form of a complex number
If x + iy = 6 – 4i then x = 6 and y = -4
A number such as 3i is a purely imaginary
number
A number such as 6 is a purely real number
6 + 3i is a complex number
x + iy is the general form of a complex number
If x + iy = 6 – 4i then x = 6 and y = – 4
The ‘real part’ of 6 – 4i is 6
Modulus and Argument
 Argand Diagram
Sketch Argand diagram for 3 – 4i

R
DIFFERENT FORMS OF COMPLEX
NUMBER
 CARTESIAN FORM
1. 3 – 4i
2. 5 – 12-
3. 6 + 11i
POLAR FORM
 TRIGONOMETRIC FORM
Z = R(cosθ+isinθ)
1. 5(cos 53.13°+isin53.13°)
2. 13(cos 16.67° - i sin 16.67°)
EXPONENTIAL FORM
 Operation on complex number
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Addition
When adding complex numbers,
add the real parts together and
add the imaginary parts together.
imaginary part

(3 + 7i) + (8 + 11i)
real part

11 + 18i
Subtraction
When subtracting complex numbers,
be sure to distribute the subtraction
sign; then add like parts.
(5 + 10i) – (15 – 2i)
5 + 10i – 15 + 2i
–10 + 12i
 Multiplication
For Cartesian form

For polar form

Z1 = R1 <θ1 ; Z2 = R2 <θ2

Z1 Z2 = R1 R2 <θ1 + θ2
When multiplying complex numbers,
use the distributive property and
simplify.
(3 – 8i)(5 + 7i)
15 + 21i – 40i – 56i 2

15 – 19i + 56 Remember,
i2 = –1
71 – 19i
Example:
Z1 = 5< 30°
Z2 = 13< 45°

Then Z1Z2 = 5∙13<30°+45°

= 65< 75°
 Division
For Cartesian form
For polar form
For polar form
Z1 = R1 <θ1 ; Z2 = R2 <θ2

Z1 / Z2 = R1 /R2 <θ1 - θ2
To divide complex numbers, multiply
the numerator and denominator by
the complex conjugate of the
complex number in the denominator
of the fraction.

7 + 2i The complex conjugate of

3 – 5i 3 – 5i is 3 + 5i.
 7 + 2i (3 + 5i)
3 – 5i (3 + 5i)
2
21 + 35i + 6i + 10i
2
9 + 15i – 15i – 25i
11 + 41i
21 + 41i – 10 34
9 + 25
Example:
Z1 = 5< 30°
Z2 = 13< 45°

Then Z1 / Z2 = 5/13<30°- 45°

= 5/13< -15°
Other operation for polar form
 Example
Z = 3< 30°, find Z3 and Z1/3
Find the four roots Z4 = 3<30°.
 Worked Examples
4
1. Simplify
 Worked Examples
4
1. Simplify
4  4  1
 4  i2
 2i
 Worked Examples
4
1. Simplify
4  4  1
 4  i2
 2i
3i  4i
2. Evaluate
 Worked Examples
4
1. Simplify
4  4  1
 4  i2
 2i
3i  4i
2. Evaluate
3i  4i  12i 2
 12  1
 12
 Worked Examples
3i  4i
3. Simplify
 Worked Examples
3i  4i
3. Simplify
3i  4i  7i
 Worked Examples
3i  4i
3. Simplify
3i  4i  7i

3i  7  4i  6
4. Simplify
 Worked Examples
3i  4i
3. Simplify
3i  4i  7i

3i  7  4i  6
4. Simplify
3i  7  4i  6  i  13
 Worked Examples
3i  4i
3. Simplify
3i  4i  7i

3i  7  4i  6
4. Simplify
3i  7  4i  6  i  13

(3i  7)(3i  7)
5. Simplify
Try These.
1.(3 + 5i) – (11 – 9i)
2.(5 – 6i)(2 + 7i)
3.2 – 3i
5 + 8i
4. (19 – i) + (4 + 15i)
Try These.
1.(3 + 5i) – (11 – 9i) -8 + 14i
2.(5 – 6i)(2 + 7i) 52 + 23i
3.2 – 3i –14 – 31i
5 + 8i 89
4. (19 – i) + (4 + 15i) 23 + 14i
Investigate the powers of i.
Power Exponential form simplified
1 i 0+i
2 i2 -1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
12
27
70
-10