Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

Course Title

Super Critical Coal Fired Boiler Equipment and System

Course Coordinator
Dr. Nasir Hayat

Mechanical Engineering Department

Contact: nasirhayat@uet.edu.pk
Cell: 03004313910
Syed Nadeem Abbas Shah
Cell: 03316942934

Mechanical Engineering Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
COMBUSTION

 The cost of fuel constitutes a major part of the operating cost of a circulating
fluidized bed (CFB) boiler.

 According to the old rules of thumb there are three major requirements for a good
combustion process.
1. Time
2. Temperature
3. Turbulence

Mechanical Engineering Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
Stages of coal combustion
 A coal particle injected into a fluidized bed undergoes the following
sequential events
1. Heating and drying
2. Devolatilization and
volatile combustion
3. Swelling and primary
fragmentation (for
some types of coal)
4. Combustion of char
with secondary
fragmentation and
attrition.

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
1. Heating & Drying

Coal (or char) generally constitutes around 1-3% by weight of the total solids in the bed.
The remaining solids, known as bed materials, are coal ash and reacting or spent
sorbents. Thus, when a fresh coal particle is fed into a CFB combustor, it is immediately
engulfed by a large body of non combustible hot solids. These particles preheat the cold
coal particle close to the bed temperature. The rate of heating may vary from 100°C/s to
more than 1000°C/s, depending upon several factors, including the coal particle size. Only
limited information is available on the heating rate of large coal particles in a CFB of finer
particles. The following expression of Haider (1989) may be used for a first approximation

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
2. Devolatilization
Sequence of volatile
release showing
how different
constituents of
volátiles are
released during
different stages of
devolatilization. The
vertical width of
each constituent
is approximately
proportional to its
weight fraction in
coal.

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
The mass of volatile matter per mass of original coal, V, evolved up to a time t is obtained by
integrating the amount of individual components having different activation energies.
Assuming the activation energies to have a Gaussian distribution with a mean value Eq and a
standard deviation, the volatile released at a time t is given by (Anthony et
al., 1975)

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
3. Devolatilization and Volatile Combustion

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
4. Char Combustion

The mechanism of combustion of char is complex. Some of the factors influencing are
discussed below.
Reaction Product:
The products of combustion on the carbon surface (primary combustion product) could be
both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, according to the following equations:

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
Regimes of Combustion:

 Rate controlling regimes for

heterogeneous char oxidation.

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
Regime I

Typical situations when this regime is prevalent are

1. During light-up in a CFB when the temperature is low and consequently the kinetic rate is
very slow.
2. Fine particles where the diffusion resistance is very small.
Regimes of Combustion of Char

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
Regime II

Here, the reaction rate and pore diffusion rate are comparable with each other. Thus there
is limited penetration of oxygen into the char. Pores near the external surface consume
most of the oxygen. This condition of combustion occurs for medium size char where mass
transfer to the pores is comparable to the reaction rate, as in bubbling fluidized beds and
also in some parts of the CFB.

Regime III

This condition occurs when the mass transfer rate is very slow compared to the kinetic
rate. The kinetic rate is so fast that the limited amount of oxygen reaching the external
surface of the char through the relatively slow mass transfer process is entirely
consumed before it has a chance to enter the pores. This type of combustion is
sometimes called diffusion-controlled combustion. It occurs in large particles, and where
the mass transfer is small compared to the reaction rate.

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

Regime II
The chemical reaction rate of carbon with oxygen per unit time per unit external
area (specific burning rate) of the particle may be written as

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
and obtain the
burning rate q in terms of reaction rate and the maximum diffusion rate,

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
Regime I

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

Mechanical Engineering Department

University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore
Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
5. Communication Phenomena During Combustion

A large coal particle decreases in size through combustion and through a number of
other communication processes, including fragmentation and attrition.
Swelling and Fragmentation
Caking coals of intermediate rank pass through a plastic phase at 420-500°C during
volatilization, when the pores break down. The particle surface is, therefore, minimum at
the onset of devolatilization, but gases released from the interior of the coal particle
cause it to swell. In some cases, a balloon-like censosphere is formed due to uniform
swelling.

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
COMBUSTION PROCESS IN CFB BOILERS

This section presents a global view of the combustion process in a CFB boiler furnace. Here,
the furnace is divided into three distinct zones from the combustion standpoint.

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

As a result, the overall efficiency of the cyclone is higher than what one would predict for
a uniformly dispersed suspension.

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

- Estimated cyclone cut size vs

thermal output of the CFB
combustor

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

- Estimated burnout time of

a fine char particles

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
1. Burning Rate of a Single Char Particle in a Fast Bed

The mass, momentum, and energy balance equations of a burning char particle may
be written as follows:

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
2. Feed Stock Characterization

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
- A comparison of buming
rates of carbon in a bubbling
and fast fluidized bed

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
3. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE MODELING OF CFB COMBUSTORS

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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Huaneng Shangdong Ruyi 2X600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant

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