Introduction to

Constitution of India
  Legally written document of the organisation of the country

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What is  A base for the democratic country

Constitution?  States what fundamental rights it provides its people

 Details power distribution and power limitation
 • The Company Rule (1773-1858)
 Regulating Act of 1773:
 It was the first take by British Government to control and regulate the
affairs of East India Company
 It recognised, for the first time the political and administrative
functions of the Company
Historical  It laid the foundations of central administration in India

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 Pitt’s Act of 1784:
background of  British Government got the supreme control of the company and its
Indian administration in India
 Company territories were called as ‘British possession in India’
Constitution  Charter Act of 1833:
 East India company became a pure administrative body
 Governor-General of Bengal was made as Governor-General of India
 Charter Act of 1853:
 Indian Legislative Council was formed
 Macaulay committee was formed in 1854
  The Crown Rule(1858-1947)
 Government of India Act 1858
 Governor-General of India was changed as Viceroy of India
 A new office, Secretary of State was formed
 This office holds the complete power
 It was a member of British cabinet.
 This act is largely confined to the improvement of the administrative of
Historical Indian Government under the control of England.

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 Indian council Act 1861
background of  It made the beginning of Representative institutions

Indian  It initiated the process of decentralisation by restoring powers to

Bombay and Madras Presidencies

Constitution  It empowers Viceroy to make rules and also recognised ‘portfolio’ system
 Indian council Act 1892
 It increased the number of additional members in additional and
provincial legislative councils
 It made a limited and indirect provision for electing the members.
 Indian council Act 1909
 It further increased the number of representatives
 It provided association of Indians with executive Councils
 It introduced a system of communal representation for Muslims
  Government of India Act,1919
 It relaxed the central control
 Central and Provincial were authorised to make laws on the their respective list of subjects
 Provincial budgets were authorised for the first time
 A system of dyarchy was formed
 Bicameralism and direct elections were introduced
 Communal representation was extended to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians and
European
 A Central Public Service Commission (CPSC) was set up in 1926

Historical  Government of India Act,1935



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Federal, Provincial and concurrent list were made
background of 

It abolished dyarchy
Bicameralism was introduced in 6 provinces
Indian 

Communal representation was extended to depressed class(scheduled class)
Right to Franchise was extended
Constitution 

Reserve Bank of India was established
Provincial and Joint Public service Commissions were established
 Federal court was established in 1937
 Indian Independence Act,1947
 On February 20,1947 it was declared that British rule in India would end by June 30,1948
 India was declared as Independent State from August 15,1947
 It provided partition of India and Pakistan
 It deprived all the British power with India and Pakistan
 Princely States were given freedom to join India or Pakistan or to remain as Independent
State
 Australia  Concurrent list
 Freedom of Trade
 Joint – sitting of two houses
Canada  Federation with a strong Centre
 Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre
 Appointment of state governors by Centre
 Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
Ireland  Directive Principles of State Policy
 Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha
 Method of election of President
Borrowed Japan  Procedure Established by law

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features of Soviet  Fundamental duties
Union(present  Ideas of justice(social, economic ,political) in
Indian Russia) the Preamble
UK  Parliamentary government
Constitution  Rule of Law
 Legislative procedure
 Single Citizenship
 Cabinet system
 Prerogative writs
 Parliamentary privileges
 Bicameralism
 US  Fundamental rights
 Independence of judiciary
 Judicial review
 Impeachment of the president
 Removal of Supreme Court and High Court
judges
 Post of vice-president
Borrowed

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Germany  Suspension of Fundamental Rights during
features of emergency
Indian South Africa  Procedure for amendment in the Indian
Constitution
 Election of members of Rajya Sabha
Constitution France  Republic
 Ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the
Preamble
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Preamble
  Indian Constitution is the lengthiest written Constitution in the
world
Some other

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 395 Articles
important  22 Parts
points  8 Schedules
 Total no of Amendments : 104 (till 2020)
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 Reference :
 Indian Polity – sixth edition by M Laxmikanth