STOICHIOMETRY

Formula and Molecular Weights

The formula weight of a substance is the sum of the atomic
weights of the atoms in the chemical formula of the substance.
 Expressed in atomic mass unit (amu)

FW of Al2(SO4)3 = n (AW of Al) + n (AW of S) + n (AW of O)

= 2(27) + 3(32) + 12(16)
= 342 amu
If the chemical formula is that of a molecule, the formula weight s also called
the molecular weight.
MW of glucose (C6H12O6) = 6 (12.0 amu) + 12(1.0 amu) + 6(16.0 amu)
= 180.0 amu

MOLAR MASS
- The mass in grams of one mole of a substance (that is, the mass in grams
per mole) of the substance
PERCENT COMPOSITION OF COMPOUNDS
•  percent composition by mass is the percent by mass of each
The
element in a compound.
n x molar mass of element X 100
% composition by mass = molar mass of compound

e.g.
1. Al2(SO4)3
% Al = x 100 = 15.79 %
% S = x 100 = 28.07 %
% O = x 100 = 56.14 %
Seatwork:
Calculate the formula weight or molar mass of the following
compounds. Include the percent composition by mass.

1. Rubidium Phosphate
2. Silver stannite
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER
AND THE MOLE
•What do chemists observe
every October 23, from
6:02 am to 6:02 pm?
This celebration takes place between 6:02 AM and 6:02 PM, making the date
6:02 10/23 in the American style of writing dates. The time and date are
derived from Avogadro’s number, which is approximately 6.02×10^23,
defining the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole of
substance, one of the seven base SI units.
• Inthe SI system, the mole is the amount of substance
that contains as many entities as there are in exactly 12
g C-12.
The number of atoms in 12 g of C-12 is experimentally
determined to be 6.022 x 1023. This is called Avogadro’s
number
MOLAR MASS in grams per mole of any
substance is numerically equal to its formula
weight in atomic mass units
Mole
 One mole (abbreviated mol) of anything --- molecules, atoms,
ions --- always contain the same number of molecules,
6.023 x 1023 (Avogadro’s number)
 also equal to the formula mass of substance expressed in grams

1 mole of H2O = 6.02 x 1023 molecules of H2O = 18 g of H2O

1 mol 12C atoms = 6.02 x 1023 12C atoms
1 mol H2O molecules = 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
1 mol NO3- ions = 6.02 x 1023 NO3- ions
 Mole to Gram Conversion
••  
Determine the number of grams in 4 moles of water.
Formula weight H2O : (2x 1.00) + (1 x 16.00) = 18.00 g

4 moles H2O x = 72 g H2O

Gram to Mole Conversion
••  
Determine the number of moles in 88 grams of CO2
Formula weight CO2 : (1 x 12.01) + (2 x 16.00) = 44.01 g CO2

88 g CO2 x = 2 moles CO2

Mole to Molecule Conversion
••  
Determine the number of molecules of H2O in 3 moles H2O

1 mole H2O = 6.023 x 1023 molecules H2O

3 moles H2O x = 18.069 x 1023 molecules H2O or
1.8069 x 1024 molecules H2O
Mole to Atoms Conversion
•  How many atoms are present in 17 moles of water?

1 mole H2O = 6.023 x 1023 molecules H2O

17 moles H2O x = 102.4 x 1023 molecules H2O
= 1.02 x 1025 molecules H2O

1 molecule H2O = 2 atoms H + 1 atom O = 3 atoms total

1.02 x 1025 molecules H2O x = = 3.06 x 1025 atoms total
Seatwork
1. Calculate the number of H atoms in 0.350 mol of C6H12O6.
2. Calculate the number of moles of glucose (C6H12O6) in 5.380 g of
C6H12O6
3. How many oxygen atoms are in 0.25 mol Ca(NO3)2.
Assignment:
4. How many moles of sodium bicarbonate are in 508 g of sodium
bicarbonate?
5. Calculate the mass in grams of 0.433 mol of calcium nitrate
Empirical Formulas from Analyses
•e.g.
 
1. Mercury and chlorine combine to form a compound that is 73.9 % mercury
and 26.1 % chlorine by mass. Thus if we had a 100.0 g sample of the
compound, it would contain 73.9 g Hg and 26.1 g Cl.
1. Use atomic weights to get molar masses
73.9 g Hg = 0.368 mol Hg
26.1 g Cl = 0.735 mol Cl
•
2.  Divide the larger number of moles by the smaller number to
obtain Cl:Hg mole ratio
= =

Therefore the empirical formula for the compound is HgCl2

2. Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contains 40.92 % C, 4.58 % H, and
54.50 % O by mass. What is the empirical formula of ascorbic acid?
3. A compound was analyzed and found to contain 13.5 g Ca, 10.8
g O, and 0.675 g H. What is the empirical formula of the
compound?
4. NutraSweet is 57.14 % C, 6.16 % H, 9.52 % N, and 27.18 % O.
Calculate the empirical formula of NutraSweet.
Assignment:
•A 5.325-g sample of methyl benzoate, a
compound used in the manufacture of
perfumes, contains 3.758 g of carbon, 0.316 g
of hydrogen, and 1.251 g of oxygen. What is
the empirical formula of this substance?
Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas
• 
The subscripts in the molecular formula of a
substance are always whole-number multiples of
the subscripts in its empirical formula

Whole-number multiple =
Example
•1.   The empirical formula of ascorbic acid was determined to be C 3H4O3. The
experimentally determined molecular weight is 176 amu.
Whole-number multiple =
Whole-number multiple = = = 2
Molecular formula = C6H8O6
Seatwork:
1. Mesitylene, a hydrocarbon found in crude oil, has an
empirical formula of C3H4 and an experimentally
determined molecular weight of 121 amu. What is its
molecular formula?
2. Ethylene glycol, used in automobile antifreeze, is 38.7%
C, 9.7% H, and 51.6% O by mass. Its molar mass is 62.1
g/mol.
(a) What is the empirical formula of ethylene glycol?
(b) What is its molecular formula?
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
Evidence for a Chemical Reaction
 Chemical reactions are the heart and soul of chemistry

 Chemical reactions often give a visual signal

1. The color changes (e.g. cloudy)

2. A solid forms
3. Bubbles form
4. Heat and/or a flame is produces, or heat is absorbed
Chemical Equation
 is an expression of a chemical process that uses symbols and formulas instead of
words to describe the changes that occur in a chemical reaction
 illustrates the law of conservation of mass
 “matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction”
 thus, the same number of each type of atom must appear on both sides of the equation

2 Mg + O2 --------- 2MgO