Spatial Pattern and

Determinants of Child Streetism

in Oyo State, Nigeria

A PhD Research Proposal

OGUNKAN, David Victor
Matric No: +AAA09A0114
Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Faculty of Environmental Sciences,
Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,
Ogbomoso
 SUPERVISOR:
Professor A.T. Adeboyejo
 introduction
The remarkable threshold in the demographic history of the world
Nigeria is undoubtedly, one of, if not, the greatest contributor(s) to
the urbanization profile of Africa (Adeboyejo 2013).
Urban pathologies that result from unprecedented urban growth
Child streetism is a complex urban phenomenon.
Its prevalence, intensity and visibility are obvious in our urban
centres.
Yet the problem looms large in our society
if policies designed to address any sociological problem or social vices
are to be effective, it is essential that they address the spatial
implication of such problem (Jelili, 2009).
This study makes a comparative analysis of spatial pattern and
determinants of child streetism in Ibadan metropolis, Ogbomoso
Township and Oyo Township, the three largest urban centres in Oyo
state of Southwest Nigeria.
 Statement
STATEMENT of the Problem
OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

 Over 54% of the country's population live below

poverty level while about two third of this group
are extremely poor (UNICEF, 2013)
The Impact • Studies have also confirmed the existence of
of Poverty poverty in Nigeria.
on Children • Street children are obvious category of urban
poor among whom poverty is more acute
(Ogunkan, 2014)

 The problem of street children constitutes threat to

Negativities
national security. They are recruited become foot
of Street soldiers and terror elements during ethno religious
Children conflagration (Ngoawaji et al, 2009)
3
 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
(CONT’D)

Methodology
Issues
• Part of the problem of designing effective interventions is the
lack of adequate and reliable information
• The available researches on street children are shallow
quantitative summaries which do not focus on children’s own
experiences and perspectives of life at the street.
• The absence of detailed documentation of the research process
and design leaves the critical reader without a framework to
assess the validity of the findings. 4
 Research Questions
is there any variation in the incidence of street children in and
among the three selected cities?

Do characteristics of street children remain the same in all

selected cities?

Do street children lived experiences differ from city to city?

Do people’s perceptions of street children vary from city to

city?

Are the spatial and social factors of child streetism the same
across the cities?
5
 Aim of the Study

• The aim of this study is to

examine the spatial pattern and
determinants of street children
in the selected cities of Oyo
state. This is with the view to
devising appropriate strategies
for controlling the menace in
cities of different physical and
socio-economic attributes

6
 Objectives of the Study
• Examine inter and intra-urban pattern of incidence of child
streetism in the cities
• Examine the characteristics of street children in terms of their
socio-economic, socio-cultural, parental and physical
characteristics.
• Examine the lived experiences of street children in the three
selected cities
• Appraise people's perception of street children in the three
selected cities
• Based on objectives i-v above, analyse the spatial and social
determinants of child streetism in the selected cities
• suggest appropriate policy measures to control, reduce and
prevent the menace of street children in Nigerian cities.

7
 Hypotheses

There are no inter and intra urban variations in the

magnitude of child streetism

The characteristics of street children remain the same

irrespective of their locations across the cities

There is no difference in people's perception of child

streetism irrespective of their locations across the cities

Incidence of street children in cities has no relationship

with parent's socio-economic characteristics and people
perception of the menace 8
 Figure 1.2 : MAP OF OYO STATE SHOWING IBADAN METROPOLIS
Fig. 2.1The selected Urban centres in Oyo state context
The Study IREP O

Area ORELO PE

OLO RUNSOGO
SAK I EAST
KWARA
SAK I WEST
STATE

REPUBLIC OF BENIN
ORI RE
ATISBO

ATIBA
ITESI WAJU
ON

OS
SU RULER E
KAJOLA
IWA JOW A
OG O -OLUWA
OYO WEST
OYO EAS T
ISEY IN

AFIJ IO
OSUN STATE

IBAR APA
IBAR APA NO RTH EAST AKIN YELE
LAGELU
IDO
IBAR APA
5 1 EG BEDA
CENTRAL 2
4 3

OGUN STATE OLUYO LE

ONA -
ARA

100 0 100 200 Meter s

LEGEN D
N
International Boundary 1 Ibadan North
2 Ibadan North East
Local Govt. Boundary 3 Ibadan South East
4 Ibadan South W est
5 Ibadan North W est
Ibadan Metropolis
Selected urban ON Ogbomoso North
OS Ogbomoso South
centres
SOURCE: Adapted From Ministry of Lands, Housing and Physical Planning, 1998.

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SOURCE : Macmillan Nigeria Secondary Atlas, 2006 : 11
 Justification of the study
• Achieving significant results in reducing poverty
often hinges on what is done, how it is done,
when it is done and whom it is targeted at
(Oyemomi, 2003).
• The study shall provide a significant insight into
The need the understanding of street children as a
to address category of poverty-ridden members of the
poverty society
• The study shall benefit government in their
quests to streamline poverty reduction
strategies towards making them more potent
• The findings of this study will also profit the
Non-Governmental Organization (NG0s)
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 Justification of the study (cont’d)

 The findings of the study are expected to

be articulated towards spatially oriented
analysis, assessment, control and
The management of child streetism in Nigerian
need for cities.
Physical  The study serves as the key to the
Planning formulation and evaluation of physical
Initiative planning initiatives in combating the
menace of street children.

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 Justification for the study (Cont’d)
 The importance of children in the society
has spawned research interest in them
 Children are one of the greatest assets
The need any nation can have.
to preserve  Children are future leaders and mainstay
nation’s of the society.
future  Therefore there is need to protect and
preserve the lives of our children 12
 Methodology
• Head count (to obtain the frequency
of street children)
• Questionnaires (to obtain the basic
Research socio-economic characteristics of the
Design: street children, family information,
quantitative education issues, health or risk
and qualitative behaviour among others.)
research • Focus Group Discussion (FGD) (to
designs collect lived experiences of street
(Methodology children in the context of their
Triangulation) problems, coping mechanism and
nature of social network)
• Key Informant Interview (KII) (to
obtain people’s perception of street
children)
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 Methodology (Contd)
Primary Data
 Incidence of children working or/and living on
Types and the street.(to be obtained through head count)
 Socio-economic, socio-cultural and other
sources of characteristics of street children (to be collected
Data through the instrumentation of questionnaires)
 Street children lived experiences (to be obtained
through Focus Group Discussion (FGD))
 People's perceptions of street children. (to be
obtained through Key Informant Interview (KII)
Secondary Data
 Population of the selected cities (to be obtained
from National population Offices in respective
cities)
 Land use maps of the cities (to be obtained from
Zonal Town Planning Offices in each city and from
Google earth)
 Methodology (Cont’d)
• Data shall be collected based on residential neighborhoods of the
urban high, medium and low density residential areas
lection
• Ogunkan (2014) identified five locations where street children are
mostly concentrated.
• For objective comparison among neighborhoods, this study
l

adopts Jelili (2009) approach to chose locations (DDAs) across

Data Co

residential neighbourhoods
(i) One largest mosque in each residential neighbourhood
(determined by the size of the weekly congregation )
(ii) One largest church in each residential neighbourhood
of

(determined as in (i) above)

Method

(iii) One popular market in each residential neighborhood

(determined by the spatial extent and level of patronage)
(iv) One popular junction in each residential neighborhood
(determined by the intensity of use).
(v) One popular motor park (determined by level of patronage and
spatial extent)
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 Methodology (cont’d)
(contd) • The head count shall be conducted in each DDAs on different
days of the week (Monday to Sunday) to reflect the probable
variation among weekdays.
tion

• Questionnaire shall be administered on the proportion of

total number identified in each DDAs (to be guided by
Data Collec

relevant sampling model and theoretical postulations)

• KII shall be conducted on 45 residents (3 from each DDA),
who have firsthand knowledge about the street children.
Interviews shall also be conducted on 15 selected parents or
guardians (1) from each DDA
Method of

• Four sessions of FGD shall be conducted with street children

in each city. The FGD covered questions on the problems and
coping mechanisms of street children and their social
networks.

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 Methodology (cont’d)
Descriptive Statistics
 The relative concentration of street
children shall be analysed using Location
Quotient of Street Children (LQSC).
 LQSC can lead to an understanding of
how areas differ in terms of street
children structure and concentration
• Frequency counts, averages and cross
Techniques Of tabulation shall be used to present the
Data Analysis socio-economic and socio-cultural and
quantitative other demographic characteristics of
Analytical street children in the cities.
Techniques • Standard scores, also known as z-scores
shall be used to make comparison of
relative standing of raw scores from
different distributions
 Methodology (cont’d)

Inferential Statistics
• The socio-economic and socio-cultural
characteristics of street children shall be
subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to
determine whether or not there are significant
Techniques differences in the characteristics of street children
Of Data in the three selected cities.
Analysis •Similarly, people's perception shall be subjected
quantitative to ANOVA to test whether or not peoples'
Analytical perceptions of street children (PPSC) vary
Techniques significantly across the three cities.
•Multiple Regression Analysis shall be used to
explain the relationship (if any) between
incidence of street children and street children's
parental socio-economic characteristics and the
perception of street children

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 Methodology (cont’d)

 Micro-Interlocutor Analysis (MIA)

• Data on the lived experiences of street
children which covers a range of issues such
as street children's problems, coping
Techniques mechanism and nature of social networks .
Of Data •Constant Comparison Analysis (CCA)
Analysis • For the reason that this study conducts
qualitative multiple focus group discussions; the
Analytical emerging group data shall be analyzed via
Techniques constant comparison analysis
•Mixed Method Content Analysis (MMCA)
• People's perception of street children shall
be analysed using a mixed method contents
analysis
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 Table 11.1: Research Log frame: Objectives
S/N Objectives Sources and types of Instrument of Method of data
Data Data collection analysis and
instrument of data
presentations

1 Examine inter and intra-urban Primary Head count Z-scores, frequency

variation of incidence of Frequency of street counts, scatter graph,
streetism in the cities children bar chart and pie chart
2 Examine the characteristics of Primary Questionnaire Frequency count, cross
street children and socio- Age, sex, religion, tribe, administration tabulation, bar chart,
economic implications of child nationality, home pie chart
streetism in the cities. town, education status,
income, family
information

3 Examine the experiences of Primary Questionnaire Micro interlocutor

street children in the context of Problems of street administration, analysis (MIA),
their problems, coping children, heath/ risk Focus Group Constant Comparison
mechanism and nature of social behaviour, knowledge Discussion Analysis (CCA),
network in the cities about HIV/AIDS, street (FGD) frequency count, cross
coping strategies, and tabulation, bar chart,
social network pie chart
 Table 11.1: Research Log frame: Objectives (cont’d)
S/N Objectives Sources and types of Data Instrument of Method of data
Data collection analysis and
instrument of data
presentations
4 Appraise people's Primary Key informant Mixed Method
perception of child Parents and residents' perception interview Content Analysis
streetism, their socio- of streetism, Parents and (MMCA), Statistical
economic characteristics residents' perception of street Means
and their location within children, Parents and residents'
and among the cities socio-cultural characteristics
5 Based on objectives i-iv Primary Z-scores; Frequency
above, analyze the spatial Frequency of street children; Age, Head count, count, cross
and social determinants of sex, religion, tribe, nationality, Questionnaire tabulation, bar chart,
child streetism in the home town, education status, administration, pie chart; Micro
selected cities income, family information; Focus Group Interlocutor Analysis
Problems of street children, Discussion (MIA), Constant
heath/ risk behaviour, knowledge Comparison Analysis
about HIV/AIDS, street coping (CCA),
strategies, and social network
6 Based on the comparison of Output from overall analysis
objectives i-v above among
cities, suggest appropriate
policy measures to prevent,
reduce and control the
menace of street children in
Nigerian cities.

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 Table 11.2: Research Log frame: Hypothesis

S/N Hypothesis Sources and types of Instrument of Method of data

Data Data analysis and
collection instrument of data
presentations
1 There are no inter and Primary Head count Multiple (two way)
intra urban variation in Frequency of street Analysis of Variance
the magnitude of street children (MANOVA)
children.
2 The characteristics of Primary Questionnaire Analysis of Variance
street children remain Age, sex, religion, administration (ANOVA)
the same irrespective of tribe, nationality,
their locations across the home town, education
cities status, income, family
information
3 There is no difference in Primary Chi-square
people's perception of Residents' perception Key informant
child streetism of child streetism, interview
irrespective of their Residents‘ location
locations across the cities

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 Contribution to planning Knowledge
• It is expected that with multiple study areas, this study
shall reveal the impact of differing attributes of cities on
the spatial variation of the phenomenon
Policy • This shall be useful in evolving a consistent programme
Formulation and strategy to address the problem in different cities
with different socio-economic and socio-cultural
attributes

This study has the potential to contribute to

Theoretical theoretical body of knowledge that is grounded in
postulation empirical evidences

• With the robust methodology framework and the

Methodology adoption of both quantitative and qualitative
instauration research paradigm, this study is expected to
contribute to methodological body of literature
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 THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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