Chapter 3

Outline
1. Passive Transport
 Diffusion
 Facilitated Diffusion
 Osmosis

2. Active Transport
 Endocytosis and Exocytosis
 Sodium-potassium pump
Cell Membrane Characteristic
Selectively permeable membrane
– Enables molecules or certain substances move freely across while
excluding others.
– To control cell internal ionic and molecular composition.
– Due to presence of phospholipid bilayer and protein.
– Hydrophobic molecules easily move and hydrophilic molecules are
prevented from crossing.
– Hydrophilic molecules must pass through protein tunnel scattered
around cell membrane.
– Passive transport: do not require energy.
– E.g: diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis.
– Active transport, exocytosis and endocytosis require energy.
Impermeable – protein, amino acids. Nucleic acids,
carbohydrates, ions (small but strongly polar)
Permeable – small molecules, lipids, lipid soluble
substances, gas such as oxygen
Diffusion
Random motion causing net movement of substances
from regions of [ ] to regions of [ ] until equilibrium
is reached. (down the concentration gradient)
Molecules or ions that dissolved in in water are always in
constant motion, moving randomly.
Whenever a concentration gradient exists between 2
regions, random molecular motion tends to eliminate the
gradient and distribute the molecules uniformly.
Conc. Gradient - Different concentration across space
E.g.: movement of O2 and CO2 into tissues.
Rate
Rate of of
–
Diffusion
diffusion higher and faster
in gas rather than in liquid.
– temperature rather than temperature. (random molecular
motion)
– small size molecule rather than large molecules.
– occur over a steep [ ] gradient. (diff. between concentration
gradient)
Lipophilic molecules (fatty acid, glycerol, vitamin A, D, E
and K) diffuse rapidly through membrane due to
hydrophobic cell membrane.
Water move freely due to presence of tiny pores in cell
membrane.

Diffusion.swf
Facilitated Diffusion
Transmembrane protein in cell membrane accelerates
movement of relatively large molecules down the
concentration gradient.
 e.g.: movement of glucose and amino acid into cells.
Direction of movement determined by relative
concentrations and voltage across membrane.
Small polar molecules such as Na+ and K+ transported
through protein channels.
Channels are gated (can open and close) to regulate
the flow of ions and small molecules.
Large polar molecules transported by carrier protein
that can change the conformation.
Ability of carrier protein to change shape is due to
binding and release of transported molecules. It
change back to original conformation.
It is specific for the solute it transports & does not use
any energy.

Facilitated Diffusion.swf
Osmosis
Net of movement of water molecules from a region of high
water potential (low solute conc.) to a region of low water
potential (high solute conc.) through a selectively
permeable membrane until it reached equilibrium state.
Water molecules exert kinetic energy as a result of rapid
random movement and create a pressure called water
potential Ψ .
The greater concentration of water molecules in a system,
the greater the total kinetic energy in that system and the
higher the water potential.
Pure water- Highest water potential, =0
When you add solid inside the water the water potential
become low. (low kinetic energy of the water), =
negative value.
So, when 2 solutions separate by a semi permeable
membrane, water will move from high water potential to
low water potential (negative value).
In term of water potential, osmosis can be defines as the
diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water
potential to region of low water potential through partially
permeable membrane
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure exists when 2 solution with different
[ ] are separated by selectively permeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure of a solution is a measure of the
pressure that must be applied to stop the osmotic
movement of water molecules.
In hypertonic solution: More pressure needed if you
want to stop the osmotic movement of water into the
solution. (high osmotic pressure)
In hypotonic solution: less pressure needed if you want
to stop the osmotic movement of water molecules into
the solution. (less osmotic pressure)
The higher [ ] of a solution, the higher its osmotic
pressure.
Osmosis.swf
Isotonic solutions: solutions contain equal number of
dissolved particles that produce osmotic pressure of equal
magnitude.
Hypotonic solutions: solutions that contain less solute
and exerts a lower osmotic pressure.
Hypertonic solutions: solution that has more solute and
exerts a higher osmotic pressure.
In term of osmotic pressure, osmosis can be defined as the
diffusion of water molecules from a region of lower
osmotic pressure to a region of high osmotic pressure
through partially permeable membrane.
Osmosis also can be defined as the diffusion of water
molecules from hypotonic solution to hypertonic
solution through partially permeable membrane.
How Osmosis Works
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Active transport
Active transport – movement of particles or
substances against their concentration gradient
using cellular energy obtained from ATP
Eg: Sodium potassium pump, glucose enter liver
cell.
Cells actively engaged with active transport will
have large number of mitochondria
Endocytosis
 and Exocytosis
Endocytosis - Plasma membrane extends outward and
envelops food particles.
Phagocytosis - Particulate form. (cell eating)
Pinocytosis - Liquid form. (cell drinking)
Through endocytosis the cell encloses the substance in a
membrane bound vesicle that is pinched off from the cell
membrane. ( food vacuoles or phagosomes)
Excoytosis - Discharge of material from vesicles at cell surface.

Endocytosis & Exocytosis.swf

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 Sodium potassium pump
Active transport carriers often referred as pumps.
The sodium-potassium pump uses energy from the cell and
provides active transport against concentration gradient.
-3 sodium pump to extracellur.
-2 potassium brought into cell.
This process occur when cell want to maintain the internal
concentration of the cell that is high with K+.

Sodium-Potassium Pump.swf