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• High noble.
• Noble.
• Predominantly base metal.
HIGH NOBLE METAL
ALLOYS.
HIGH NOBLE ALLOY
SYSTEMS.
• Au-Pt-Pd.
• Au-Pd-Ag.
• Au-Pd.
DIFFERENT ALLOY SYSTEMS
THEIR ADVANTAGES
&DISADVANTAGES
Au-Pt-Pd
COMPOSITION:-
Gold:75%-88%
Platinum:-8%
Palladium:-11%
Silver:-5%
Trace elements of indium,iron,&tin are
used for the porcelain bonding.
PALLADIUM:-
•Palladium added to increase the corrosion,
strength,hardness,tarnish resistance of the gold based
alloys.
•It increases the melting temperature.
•Improves the sag resistance.
• composition:
• palladium78%-88%.
• cobalt 4%-10%
•
• trace elements of
gallium,indium are used.
• Cobalt is used for alternative of the nickel
based alloys, but the cobalt based alloys are
difficult to process.]
• Cobalt is added to in palladium alloys to
increase the CTE,& acts as a strengthener.
• Advantages. • Disadvantages
• Low cost • Compatible with high
• expansion porcelains.
Good sag resistance
• Produce a
• Good
thick,dark.oxide colored
castability,polishabiliy layer may cause bluing
• Easier to solder of the porcelain.
• More prone to gas
absorption.
PALLADIUM-COPPER
• palladium 70-80%
• copper 9-15%
• gold 1-2%
• platinum 1-2%
• COPPER:-
• Copper serves as hardening agent.
• Lowers the melting range of alloy.
• It helps to form an oxide layer for porcelain
bonding.
• It lowers the density.
• Produce dark,thick oxide
layer.
• Advantages.
• May discolor some porcelains.
• Good castability.
• Should not be cast in the
• Low cost than gold. carbon crucibles.
• Good tarnish and • Absorbs gases.
corrosion resistant. • Suitable for the long span
• Compatible with bridges.
dental porcelains. • Difficult to polish.
• High hardness
Pg-Ag-Au
• composition:
• palladium 75-86%
• silver 1-7%
• gold less than 1%
COMPOSITION:
Nickel:62%-82%
Chromium:11-20%
Beryllium:2%
•NICKEL:-it is base for the porcelain alloys.
•Its CTE similar to the gold
•It provides resistance to corrosion.
BERYLLIUM:-
Lowers the melting temperature of the nickel
based alloys.
It improves the castability,improves polish ability.
Helps to control the oxide layer formation
• Aluminum:-lowers the melting range of the
nickel based alloys.
• It acts as a hardening agent.
• It influences the oxide layer formation.
• With cobalt chromium alloys used for the
metal ceramic restoration, aluminum is the on
of the element that is etched from the alloy
surface to create micro mechanical retention
for resin bonded retainers.
• IRON:-
• Iron is added to some gold based porcelain for
hardening & oxide production.
SILICON:-
•Silicon primarily as an oxide scavenger.
•It also act as a hardening agent.
• Advantages • Disadvantages
• Low cost • Cannot be used with Ni
sensitive patients
• Low density • Beryllium may be toxic to
• High resistance the technician & patients
• It can produce thin • Bond failure may occur
castings • High hardness
• Poor thermal • Difficult to solder
conductor • Difficult to cut through
cemented castings
• Can be etched.
NICKEL-CHROMIUM ALLOYS
Composition:
Nickel :62%-77%
Chromium :-11%-22%
CHROMIUM:-
•Chromium is a solid solution
hardening agent that contributes to
corrosion resistance.
BORON:-
Boron is a de oxidizer.
It reduces the surface tension there by
increases the castability.
Reduce the ductility & increase the hardness.
• Do not contain • Disadvantages
beryllium • Cannot be use with
• Low cost nickel sensitive
• Low density means patients
more castings per • Produce more oxides
ounce. than Ni-Cr-Be alloys.
• May not cast as well
as Ni-Cr-Be alloys
COBALT – CHROMIUM ALLOYS
Composition:
Cobalt:53%-68%
Chromium:25%-34%
Trace elements of molybdenum ruthenium are
added.
CHROMIUM:-
• Chromium is a solid solution hardening agent
that contributes to corrosion resistance.
• Vibration.
• Spatulation.
• Whipping.