SERVICES

Literature study
  HVAC system
 Water supply
 Electrical service
Content  Drainage system
 Circulation
 Fire safety
  HVAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning) is the technology of indoor
comfort.

HVAC  Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air
quality.
 Rooftop HVAC unit with view of fresh air intake vent.
  Heaters are appliances whose purpose is to generate heat (i.e.
warmth) for the building.
 This can be done via central heating. Such a system contains a
boiler, furnace, or heat pump to heat water, steam, or air in a
Heating central location such as a furnace room in a home, or a
mechanical room in a large building.
 The heat can be transferred by convection ,conduction, or
radiation.
  Ventilation is the process of changing or replacing air in any
space to control temperature or remove any combination of
moisture, odour, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, or carbon
dioxide, and to replenish oxygen.
 Ventilation includes both the exchange of air with the outside
Ventilation as well as circulation of air within the building.
 Methods for ventilating a building maybe divided into
Mechanical /forced ventilation
Natural ventilation
  Mechanical ventilation is provided by an air handler and used to
control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odours, and contaminants
can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air
 Kitchens and bathrooms typically have mechanical exhausts to control
odours and sometimes humidity.
 Ceiling fans and table/floor fans circulate air within a room for the
Mechanical and Natural purpose of reducing the perceived temperature by increasing
evaporation of perspiration on the skin of the occupants.
ventilation
  Natural ventilation is the ventilation of a building with outside air
without using fans or other mechanical systems.
 It can be via operable windows, louvers, or trickle vents when spaces
are small and the architecture permits.
 In more complex schemes, warm air is allowed to rise and flow out
high building openings to the outside (stack effect), causing cool
outside air to be drawn into low building openings. 
  Air-conditioning is maintenance of specified inside conditions: temperature, relative
humidity, air changes and air quality. Air-conditioning also includes winter heating and clean
air system.
 Depending upon specific requirements, following systems of air-conditioning are followed:
(i) Window type AC Units. (ii) Split type AC Units. (iii) Package type AC Units. (iv) Central
AC System.
 Their brief applications are as below:
 Window type Units: Suitable for individual isolated rooms. Consumes very high amount of
power. No relative humidity control. Very little control over air quality. Suitable for area up to

Air
100 Sqm.
 Split Units: They are same as window type units, except that the compressor units are

Conditioning
located away from evaporator (fan) units. The noise of compressor is kept away. Energy
wasteful.
 Package type: They are mini and compact central plants available up to 10-Ton capacity.
This system is suitable for areas between 100 to 1000 sqm.
 Central AC Plants: They are suitable for large areas. Excellent control over temperature,
humidity, clean air, air changes, noise control, uniform distribution and have energy
efficiency.
 A properly designed central AC system will be reliable, effective and efficient. Hence for air-
conditioning areas in excess of 1000 sqm, central AC plant is preferred.
HVAC system
  AHU ( Air Handling Unit ) are usually located in the
basement, on the roof or on the floors of a building.
 The cooling tower is usually located up on the roof and is the
final destination for the unwanted heat in the building.
 The chiller plant room will be located in the basement
 Chiller water pump room is located near chillers in the
Notes basement
 An air-conditioning (AC) make up tank is located at roof top
which is near to the cooling tower. This is to make up
condenser water system if there any water loss due to cooling
tower operation and maintenance or other reasons. The water
from make-up tank is being supplied to the cooling tower basin
by a centrifugal pump set
  An Air Handling Unit is a central air conditioner station that
handles the air that, usually, will be supplied into the buildings by
the ventilation ductwork (connected to the AHU). It is usually have
a casing ( box ) constructed by a framing system and double skin
insulated panels. Framing materials are commonly galvanized steel
or Aluminum.

AHU  A cooling tower is a specialized heat exchanger in which air and

water are brought into direct contact with each other in order to
Cooling tower reduce the water’s temperature. As this occurs, a small volume of

Chiller plant water is evaporated, reducing the temperature of the water being
circulated through the tower
room  The chiller plant room is a designated area for water to be chilled
and distributed to A.H.U. through ductworks. The chiller plant room
is being situated beside the Station Transformer and Low Voltage
Room. The chiller plant room consists of chillers, switchboard units,
chilled water ducts, ductworks, and refrigerants .
  The job of a ductwork is to distribute supply air, return air, and exhaust air to various part of the building, normally
medium to large scale industrial or commercial building
 There are three types of duct systems. Namely, flexible ductwork, rigid ductwork, and semi-rigid ductwork.
 Flexible Air Ducts Unlike the types of ducts mentioned above, flexible air ducts are exactly what they say they are:
flexible.
 Constructed with a spring steel, spiral helix, this type of duct is lightweight, inexpensive, and easy to install.
 This option is extremely useful in tricky and unusual spaces but, unlike rigid air duct options, it must be firmly supported
and secured to prevent sagging, kinks, or bends.
 Rigid ductwork Rigid duct systems come in a variety of materials and sizes and can be either rectangular or cylindrical.
Often, these ducts are insulated. They are popularly in use because they are hardy, enduring, and reliable. For rigid duct
systems, there are three common types:
 Fiberglass Lined Air Ducts Whether on the interior or exterior of the system, a fiberglass lining insulates the ducts to

Duct work prevent heat loss or condensation.

 An advantage of this type of ductwork is that it helps to reduce the noise of your HVAC system .
 Fiber board Air Ducts Constructed from boards of compressed resin-bonded, inorganic glass fiber boards, this type of
duct has a foil face on the outside that creates a barrier against escaping air and water vapor. Installation of fiberboard air
ducts is typically the least expensive option .
 Sheet Metal Air Ducts Sheet metal air ducts are made of aluminum or galvanized steel. They are the most common type of
air duct and also the most durable.
 Their non-porous surface means they are unlikely to develop mold or other harmful biological growth. Semi-rigid metal
(usually aluminum) duct is flexible and similar to foil ducting but quite a bit more rigid. Like foil duct, semi-rigid is used
only for transition ducting and should not be concealed in walls or floors. It is typically installed with clamps
 Semi-rigid metal (usually aluminum) duct is flexible and similar to foil ducting but quite a bit more rigid. Like foil duct,
semi-rigid is used only for transition ducting and should not be concealed in walls or floors. It is typically installed with
clamps
  Through there are different types of duct work available in
market today , sheet metal is most recommended as this type
of air duct is non porous in nature and thus does not allow
mold or bacteria breed in air ducts .

Which one is  Sheet metal duct work also helps you prevent potential health
risks of fiber glass air ducts.
best ?  If you have got less space in your place you can definitely opt
for a flexible air duct
 This type of air duct will not only save you some space but
gives you the freedom to move duct to for
  Rectangular ducting can come in various sizes from 3” x 7” up
to 35” x 40”; and round ducting can be anywhere from 4” to
41” in diameter
 oval duct - Sizes are from 500mm x 150mm to 1800mm x
500mm and delivered in lengths of 2 meters and 4 meters as
standards - with other lengths available on request.
Duct shapes
and sizes
  Different sizes and shapes of the diffusers actually serve
various performance rather than just aesthetic values. Some
diffusers are big enough to service a couple of rooms
simultaneously.
 Others like circular diffusers are designed to service large areas
and rectangular diffuser are the most common one installed

Diffuser around the perimeter of a room because of its slender shape.

  The emergency power supply (such as generating sets) should
not be allowed to be installed above ground floor or below the
first basement level of the building.
 In case of DG set located in basement, the ceiling of the DG
room shall be the ground floor slab.
 It is preferable to install the standby generator in utility
ELECTRICAL building

SERVICES
 SI.N Type of Domestic Flusing per day Total
O building per Day consumption
per day

Water 1 Shopping mall

(a)Staff 25 litre per 20 litre per head 45 litre per
requirement (b)visitors
head
5 litre per
10 litre per head head
15 litre per
for shopping head head

mall
2 Multiplex 5 litre per 10 litre per head 15 litre per
head head

3 Food court 25 litre per 10 litre per head 35 litre per

head head
Water supply
system
Sanitary
  Drainage system basically refers to All the piping within the
private and public premises which conveys sewage, rainwater
and other liquid waste to a point of disposal.
 A drainage system does not include the mains of public sewer
systems or a private or a public sewage treatment or disposal

Drainage plant.
 Stack - A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste
system or vent piping.
 Soil pipe- A pipe that conveys the discharge of Black water
(liquids containing fecal matter)
 Waste pipe - A pipe that conveys the discharge of only Grey
Water ( liquid waste free of fecal matter. )
  Staircase - 2m minimum ( tread – 300mm & riser – 150mm )
 Capacity and travel speed for escalators shall be computed at
120 people/min and 18.5 m/min (vertical component of travel
speed), respectively.
 Corridor - 2.4m minimum
Circulation  Ramp ration for people - 1: 12
 Ramp ratio for car – 1 : 10
 Ramp width for car – 6m wide
 Ramp width for fire tender – 7.5 m wide
  One way ramp of clear width of minimum 3.0 m and two way ramp
with clear width of minimum 6.0 m shall be provided for LMV.
 One way ramp of clear width of minimum 4.5 m and two way ramp
with clear width of minimum 9.0 m shall be provided for LCV.
 One way ramp of clear width of minimum 6.0 m and two way ramp
with clear width of minimum 12.0 m shall be provided for HMV.
Ramp for car  Ramp slope shall be maximum 1 in 8.
 After a 40 m length of continuousramp, a flatsurface of minimum
6.0 m length shall preferably be provided.
 If podium is accessible to fire tender, minimum 7.5 m wide ramp
shall be required for fire engine access with maximum slope of 1 in
10.
Escalator
 Passenger lift

Lift
Service lift
Fire safety
  Fire escape shall not be taken into account while calculating the number of staircases for a
building.

 All fire escapes shall be directly connected to the ground.

 Entrance to the fire escape shall be separate and remote from internal staircase.

 The route to fire escape shall be free of obstructions at all times except the doorway leading to
the fire escape which shall have the required fire resistance.

Fire Escapes /  Fire escape shall be constructed of non-combustible materials.

Staircase  Fire escape stairs shall have straight flight not less than 125 cm wide with 25 cm treads and
risers not more than 19 cm.

 Handrails shall be at a height not less than 100 cm.

 Fire escape staircase in the mercantile, business, assembly, hotel buildings above 24 m. height
shall be a fire tower and in such a case width of the same shall not be less than the width of the
main staircase.

 No combustible material shall be allowed in the fire tower.

  The minimum width of the ramps in the Hospitals shall be 2.4
m. and in the basement using car parking shall be 6.0 m.
 Handrails shall be provided on both sides of the ramp.
 Ramp shall lead directly to outside open space at ground level
or courtyards of safe place.
Ramps  For building above 24.0 m. in height, access to ramps from any
floor of the building shall be through smoke fire check door.
 In case of nursing homes, hospitals etc. area exceeding 300 sq
m. at each floor one of the exit facility shall be a ramp of not
less than 2.4 m. in width.
  Provision of the lifts shall be made for all multi-storeyed
building having a height of 15.0 m. and above.
 All the floors shall be accessible for 24 hrs. by the lift. The lift
provided in the buildings shall not be considered as a means of
escape in case of emergency.
Lift  Grounding switch at ground floor level to enable the fire
service to ground the lift car in case of emergency shall also be
provided.
 The lift machine room shall be separate and no other machinery
be installed in it.
  Buildings having height more than 15 m above ground level shall
necessarily be accessible by fire tender, as follows
 For buildings having floor area less than 10 000 m2 , fire tenders
shall have access to at least one-third of the perimeter of building
which shall be minimum 6.0 m wide and having 9.0 m turning
radius.
Requirements  For buildings having floor area more than 10 000 m2 , fire engine

for fire tender shall have an access to at least to half of the perimeter of building
which shall be minimum 6.0 m wide and having 9.0 m turning
movement radius.
 If podium is not accessible by fire tender, the podium may be such
that it is not extended beyond the building footprint to an extent
more than 11.0 m on the side where fire tender access is provided.
 Such restriction shall not apply in case podium is accessible by fire
engine
  Water CO2 type, CO2 /ABC types, shall be provided in each
concourse for every 300 m2 floor area and distributed in such a
way that extinguisher is available within a travel distance of 30
Extinguishers m from any point.
 At least one extinguisher shall be provided for each equipment
room and other enclosures for every 300 m2 floor area.
  Smoke compartments shall be created to ensure that in case of a
fire scenario, the escape routes are not full of smoke and a safe
passage is provided to fire fighters to reach fire location.
 Smoke barriers shall be provided within the ceiling at platform
and concourse levels at locations and spacing as determined by
Smoke the engineering analysis and shall be designed to withstand
Compartmentatio temperatures up to 250°C for 60 min.

n  Smoke barriers shall also be provided around all openings

containing staircases, escalators and lifts in public areas
connecting platform to levels above or below them.
 All smoke compartments created within the station areas shall
be designed with segregated smoke extraction systems.
  One hose reel shall be provided for every 1 000 m2 floor area
of station platform or part there of subject to a travel distance
Small Bore of 45 m to the nearest hose reel.

Hose Reels  If equipment rooms are covered with hose reels for concourse
and platform, it is acceptable.
  All buildings of 24 m. and above in height, except group
housing and 45 m. and above in case of apartment /group
housing society building.
 Hotels below l5 m. in height and above 1000 sq m. built up
area at each floor and or if basement is existing.
Automatic  Mercantile building having basement more than one floor but
sprinklers below 15 m. (floor area not exceeding 750 sq m.)
 Underground Shopping Complex.
 Underground car / scooter parking /enclosed car parking.
 Basement area 200 sq m. and above.
  Minimum two hydrants shall be provided for each concourse
with hose box containing two lengths of hose pipes 15 m each
with a nozzle subject to travel distance of 30 m to reach the
nearest hydrant. Commercial areas, if any, shall also be covered
with the provision of hydrants as stated above. If equipment
Hydrants and rooms and other areas are covered within 30 m of the hydrants,

Wet risers the same are acceptable.

 Hydrants shall be provided at each entry to the station at
ground and upper levels near staircase. At least one hydrant for
parking area shall be provided subject to a travel distance of 30
m to the nearest hydrant.
  All buildings of 15 m. and above in height shall be equipped
with fire alarm system, and also residential buildings (Dwelling
House, Boarding House and Hostels) above 24 m. height.
 The location of the call boxes shall be decided after taking into
consideration their floor without having to travel more than
22.5 m.
Fire alarm  The call boxes shall be arranged to sound one or more sounders
system so as to ensure that all occupants of the floor shall be warned
whenever any call box is actuated.
 The call boxes shall be so installed that they do not obstruct the
exit ways and yet their location can easily be noticed from
either direction. The base of the call box shall be at a height of
1.5 m. from the floor level.
  Detectors are required to be provided only in areas where there
are false ceiling(s), false floor(s) and areas for equipment
rooms. Wherever there are false ceilings, the detectors shall be
provided both above and below false ceiling giving due

Fire alarm consideration to depth of false ceiling/flooring.

system  Manual call station(s) shall be provided at central location(s) on

each platform (near emergency plunger) and at least two on the
concourse, on each sidewall. When the concourse isin two
halves, at least one manual call station shall be provided on
each side
  There shall be a control room on the entrance floor of the
building with communication system (suitable public address
system) to all floors and facilities for receiving the message
from different floors.

CONTROL  Details of all floor plans along with the details of fire fighting
equipment and installation shall be maintained in the Control
ROOM Room.
 The Control Room shall also have facility to detect the fire on
any floor through indicator boards connecting fire detection
and alarm system on all floors.
  The staircase of basement shall be of enclosed type having fire
resistance of not less than two hours and shall be situated at the
periphery of the basement to be entered at ground level only
from the open air and in such positions that smoke from any fire
in the basement shall not obstruct any exit serving the ground
and upper stories of the building and shall communicate with
basement through a lobby provided with fire resisting self
closing door of one hour rating.
Basement  In case of basement being used as car parking only, the travel
distance shall be 45 m.
 In multi- storeyed basements, intake duct may serve all
basements levels, but each basement and basement compartment
shall have separate smoke outlet duct or ducts. Mechanical
extractors for smoke venting system from lower basement levels
shall also be provided.
  The access to the basement shall be either from the main or
alternate staircase providing access and exit from higher floors.
Where the staircase is continue the same shall be enclosed type
serving as a fire separation from the basement floor and higher
floors.
 In case of basement for office, sufficient number of exit ways and
access ways shall be provided with a travel distance not more than

Basement 15.0 m. The travel distance in case of dead-end shall be 7.5 m.

 The basement shall be partitioned and in no case compartment
shall be more than 500 sq m. and less than 50 sq m. area except
parking. Each compartment shall have ventilation standards as
laid down in Bye-Laws separately and independently.
 The first basement (immediately below ground level) can be used
for services/parking/other permissible services. Lower basement,
if provided, shall exclusively be used for car parking only.
  Ventilating ducts shall be integrated with the structure and
made out of brick masonry or RCC as far as possible and when
this duct crosses the transformer area of electrical switchboard,
fire dampers shall be provided.
Basement  Kitchens working on gas fuel shall not be permitted in
basement/subbasement
 Dewatering pump shall be provided in all basements.
 Reference
NBC vol 1 & vol 2
IS – 14665
mohua.gov.in (Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs)
THANK YOU
By
Madhan
Kanagasabapathy
Thrishula Devi
Yuvashree