Applications and Case Studies

Applications and Case Studies
– Part III (Planning and

Environmental Issues)
APPENDIX B
Copyright © 1998-2020, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University,
Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.
Jean-Paul.Rodrigue@hofstra.edu
You may use the figures within for educational purposes only. No modification or redistribution permitted.
For more information: https://transportgeography.org/
Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot be
published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
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Copyright © 1998-2020, Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Global Studies & Geography, Hofstra University. For personal or classroom use ONLY. This material (including graphics) is not public domain and cannot
be published, in whole or in part, in ANY form (printed or electronic) and on any media without consent. This includes conference presentations. Permission MUST be requested prior to use.
Table of Contents
• Pollutants Emitted by Transport Systems
• Green Logistics
• Rail Deregulation in the United States
• Transportation and Pandemics
• The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
• The St. Lawrence Seaway and Regional Development
• The Financing of Transportation Infrastructure
Pollutants Emitted by
Transport Systems
Carbon Emissions by Main Freight Transport Mode
Coastal Vessel 13
Barge 40
Electric Train 38
Diesel Train 69
Truck (35 tons) 100
Truck (20 tons) 200
Aircraft (1500 km) 800
Aircraft (550 km) 1420
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
g / ton-km
Annual Emissions of Air Pollutants for a Passenger Car in the United States, 1997
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogren Oxides
kg / veh / year
grams per mile
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Annual Emissions of Air Pollutants for a Light Truck in the United States, 1997
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogren Oxides
kg / veh / year
grams per mile
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

Atmospheric Pollution Caused by Different Stages in the Driving Cycle of Gasoline Engine
Aldehydes
Nitrogen Oxydes
Decelerating
Cruising
Accelerating
Hydrocarbons Idling
Carbon Monoxide
0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

EU-25 Total Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Fuel Combustion (CO2 Equivalent)
4000
3500
3000
M Tons
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
9 0 9 1 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 0 0 0 1 0 2
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20
Energy Manufacturing Transport Other

SO2 and NOx Emissions in North America and Europe, 1980-1994
60,000
(000 metric tons)
55,000
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
NOx SO2
Air Pollutant Concentrations in some Cities, 1999 (in mg per m3)
Sydney
Mexico City
London
Tokyo
Taipei
Singapore
Kuala Lumpur
Hong Kong
Beijing
Bangkok
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
RSP NO2 SO2

Emissions by Urban Transport Modes
CO
Passenger Cars
VOC Vans
Motorcycles
Urban Transit
Car Freight Transport
NOx Vans (Household purchases)
Van (Deliveries)
Heavy Trucks
Particulates
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Road Transportation Noise
~ 50 db(A)
Ambient noise 100 m
~ 65 db(A)
Barrier effect
~ 80 db(A) Specific vehicle
Noise Generated by a Passenger Car
90
80
Noise (dB)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
Speed (km / hr)
Rail Transportation Noise
~ 55 db(A) 500 m
~ 85 db(A)
~ 70 db(A)
Air Transportation Noise
4 km
~ 60 db(A)
~ 90 db(A) ~ 110 db(A)
Aircraft Takeoff Noise in dB(A)
Can-RJ
Propeller
DC10
B777-200
B747-100
B747-400
A320
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
People Exposed to Aircraft Noise of more than 65 dbA, United States, 1975-2003
6
Millions
0
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Proportion of total effect
Concentration change,
Greenhouse gas Anthropogenic sources 100-yr GWP* apart from water vapor
1800s - 2016
(approximate)
fossil fuel burning,
Carbon dioxide 280 - 403 ppm 1 60%
deforestation
Methane 0.75 - 1.85 ppm agriculture, fuel leakage 25 20%
Halocarbons 0 - 0.7 ppb refrigerants 1100-11,000 14%
Nitrous oxide 275 - 329 ppb agriculture, combustion 298 6%
Ozone 15? - 20-30 ppb urban pollution
Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning by Fuel Type, 1900-2009
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
Coal Oil Natural Gas

Contribution of Different Gases to the Greenhouse Effect, 1995
4%
1% 6%
6% CO2
Methane
CFC (R12)
19% CFC (R11)

NO2
64%
Other
CO2 Emissions by Sector, United States, 1972-2003 (in million metric tons)
550
500
450
400
350
Residential
Commercial
300
Industrial
Transportation
250
200
150
100
72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20
Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Energy Consumption by Sector, 1980-2001 (in million metric tons)
2000
1800
1600
1400 Residential
Commercial
1200
Industrial
1000 Transportation
800
600
400
980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 000 01P
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 20
CO2 Emissions by Type of Fuel for the Transportation Sector in the United States, 1998
3%
15%
Gasoline
Diesel
16% Jet fuel

Other
66%
Greenhouse Gas Emissions for the Transportation Section, United States, 1990-2005
1.7 0.1
3
CO2
HFC
N2O
CH4
95.1
CO2 Emissions by Transportation Mode in the United States, 1998
2%
7%
Cars
14% Light Trucks
43% Heavy Trucks
Airplaines
14% Rail & Marine
Non oil-based
20%
CO2 Emissions by Transportation Mode, EU-15, 2002
0.7%
13.5%
1.6%
Road Inland navigation
Air Rail
84.2%
World Production of Ozone Depleting Substances, 1960-2008
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
1994
Climate Change and the
Adaptation of Transport
Infrastructure
Climate Change and its Potential Impacts on Transportation
Operations Infrastructures
• Impacts of lift-off load limits on shorter • Thermal expansion of bridges.
runways. • Pavement integrity and softening.
• Limits on periods of construction • Deformation of rail tracks.
activity.
Heat waves
• Frequent interruptions of coastal low
lying road, rail and air traffic due to • More frequent flooding of infrastructure
storm surges. (and potential damage) in low lying areas.
Rising sea levels • Erosion of infrastructure support.
• Increase in weather related delays and • Changes in harbor facilities to
disruptions, particularly road and air accommodate higher tides and surges.
transport.
Intensity of precipitation
• Frequent interruptions of air services. • Greater probability of infrastructure
• Frequent and extensive evacuations of failure.
coastal areas. • Greater damage to port infrastructures.
• Debris on road and rail infrastructures.
More frequent hurricanes
• Longer shipping season. • Damage to infrastructure because of the
• More ice-free ports in northern regions. thawing of the permafrost.
• Availability of trans-arctic shipping routes. • Shorter season for ice-roads.
Increase in arctic temperatures
Green Logistics
Logistics-Related Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Activity
Road Freight Ocean Freight Air Freight Rail Freight Buildings

Logistic Activities and their Green Dimensions
Materials Management Forward and Reverse Supply Chains

Product design
Suppliers Disposal
Near sourcing
Sustainable sourcing
Packaging and packing
Circular material use Manufacturers Recyclers
Physical Distribution
Demand responsive systems
Distributors Collectors
Load consolidation
Alternative modes and fuels
Certification of carriers and
distribution facilities
Consumers Consumers
Shipping scheduling and
routing
Logistical Strategies to Cope with Energy and Environmental Constraints
Objective Strategy
Shipping less Demand responsive systems. Reduce returns.
Changing sourcing Reassessing sourcing both at the global and domestic levels.
Shipping scheduling Allow greater shipping time and outside rush periods.
Efficient packaging Reduce the shipment size (volume) of the same load.
Modal shift For each segment, use a mode or a route that is more
energy and environmentally efficient.
Material Flows Cycle
Forward Logistics
Resource Production and

manufacturing
Consumption
supply
Waste or losses Post-consumer discards
Recycling Reverse Logistics

Recycled flow
Landfills, impoundments,
deep wells and ocean
Renewable and disposal
nonrenewable Releases to air, land and
resources water
Source Sink
Hub-and-Spoke Network and Externalities
A B
Hub
Feeder
E(A)
E(B)
Externalities
Number of nodes
Environmental Vicious Circle of Logistics
Paradigm
Added value
Efficiency
Control
More ton-km Less spatial

transported constraints
Energy
Energy consumption
consumption Network
Network changes
changes
Pollutant
Pollutant emissions
emissions Space
Space consumption
consumption
Externalities
The Food Mile: Yogurt Supply Chain, Germany
Main Dimensions of Green Logistics (under construction)
The Paradoxes of Green Logistics
Dimension Outcome Paradox
Costs Reduction of costs through improvement in Environmental costs are often externalized.
packaging and reduction of wastes.
Benefits are derived by the distributors.
Time / Flexibility Integrated supply chains. Extended production, distribution and retailing structures
JIT and DTD provide flexible and efficient physical consuming more space, more energy and producing
distribution systems. more emissions (CO2, particulates, NOx, etc.).
Network Increasing system-wide efficiency of the distribution Concentration of environmental impacts next to major
system through network changes (Hub-and-spoke hubs and along corridors.
structure). Pressure on local communities.
Reliability Reliable and on-time distribution of freight and Modes used, trucking and air transportation, are the
passengers. least environmentally efficient.
Warehousing Less warehousing per unit of freight. Inventory shifted in part to public roads (or in
Inventory in circulation. containers), contributing to congestion and space
consumption.
E-commerce Increased business opportunities and diversification Changes in physical distribution systems towards higher
of the supply chains. levels of energy consumption.
Weight and Packaging Improvements: iPad 1 versus iPad 2
iPad 2 (2011) iPad 1 (2010)
2.8 lbs. 3.1 lbs.
25.4 cm
20
19
.3
.8
cm
cm
4.3 cm 5.1 cm
Rail Deregulation in the United
States
Major North American Rail Mergers, 1980-2005
Year Merger -> (Resulting Firm)
1980 Burlington Northern and St. Louis - San Francisco (Burlington Northern)
1980 Seaboard Coast Line, Chesapeake and Ohio, and Baltimore and Ohio (CSX)
1982 Louisville and Nashville and CSX (CSX)
1982 Union Pacific, Western Pacific, Missouri Pacific (Union Pacific)
1982 Southern Railway and Norfolk and Western (Norfolk Southern)
1985 Southern Pacific and St. Louis South-Western (Southern Pacific)
1985 Union Pacific and Missouri-Kansas and Texas (Union Pacific)
1991 Southern Pacific and Denver & Rio Grande (Southern Pacific)
1991 Canadian Pacific and Delaware and Hudson Railway (Canadian Pacific)
1995 Burlington Northern and Santa Fe (Burlington Northern Santa Fe)
1995 Union Pacific and Chicago and North-Western (Union Pacific)
1996 Southern Pacific and Union Pacific (Union Pacific)
1998 Norfolk Southern, 58% of CONRAIL (Norfolk Southern)
1998 CSX and 42% of CONRAIL (CSX Transportation)
1998 Canadian National and Illinois Central Railroad (Canadian National)
2001 Canadian National and Wisconsin Central (Canadian National)
2005 Kansas City Southern, Transportacion Ferrovia Mexicana (Kansas City Southern de Mexico)
Performance of Class I Railroads, 1964-2005
300
Index 1981 = 100
250
200
150
100
50
0
64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20
Productivity Volume Revenue Price
Productivity in Selected Transportation Industries: 1987-2002 (Output per Employee, Index, 1987 = 100)
250
200
150
100
50
0
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Air transportation Line-haul railroads General freight trucking, long-distance Postal Service
Value of a 2009 $100 Dollar, 1800 - 2011
3,000.00
2,500.00
2,000.00
1,500.00
1,000.00
500.00
0.00
1800 1806 1812 1818 1824 1830 1836 1842 1848 1854 1860 1866 1872 1878 1884 1890 1896 1902 1908 1914 1920 1926 1932 1938 1944 1950 1956 1962 1968 1974 1980 1986 1992 1998 2004 2010
Transportation and Pandemics
Main Factors behind the Global Spread of Diseases
Global Travel Wars and conflicts

• Air connectivity. • Destruction / damaging of healthcare systems
• People as vectors (e.g. Flu, West Nile and public utilities (aqueduct / sewage).
Virus, SARS, COVID-19). • Displacement of populations (refugees).
Global Trade Migration

• Animals and insects. • Migrants bring endemic diseases in developed
• Cargo as the vector (e.g. Mad Cow countries (e.g. tuberculosis).
Disease). • Creation of disease clusters.
Poverty Medical practices

• Overcrowding and malnutrition. • Pathogenic natural selection.
• Lack of healthcare and unsanitary • More virulent and resistant diseases.
conditions.
Basic Reproduction Number (R0) of Major Infectious Diseases
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Spanish Flu (1918)
H1N1 (2009)
Tuberculosis
HIV/AIDS
Ebola
Rabies
Smallpox
Rubella
Chickenpox
Pertussis
Measles
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fatality Rates per Type of Disease (per 100)
AIDS (untreated) 85.0
Ebola 70.0
Bird Flu (H5N1) 60.0
Tubercolosis 45.5
Smallpox 30.0
Bird Flu (H7N5) 25.0
AIDS (treated) 20.0
MRSA 19.8
SARS 9.6
Bubonic Plague 5.0
Swine Flu (H1N1) 0.5
Malaria 0.3
COVID-19 0.2
Seasonal Flu 0.1

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Influenza-Like Illnesses per 100,000 Population, Selected Countries, 2003-2015
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
United States
3,000 Australia
Germany
Brazil
2,000
1,000
0
9/5/2004
8/2/2009
7/4/2010
6/5/2011
10/5/2003
1/25/2004
5/16/2004
4/17/2005
8/7/2005
11/27/2005
3/19/2006
7/9/2006
10/29/2006
2/18/2007
6/10/2007
9/30/2007
1/20/2008
5/11/2008
8/31/2008
12/21/2008
4/12/2009
3/14/2010
10/24/2010
2/13/2011
1/15/2012
5/6/2012
8/26/2012
4/7/2013
7/28/2013
3/9/2014
6/29/2014
10/19/2014
2/8/2015
5/31/2015
12/26/2004
11/22/2009
9/25/2011
12/16/2012
11/17/2013
Impacts of Transportation on the Velocity and Extent of a Pandemic
∆P(max) B
New Infections per Day

Population Infected
A B
T(C) ∆T(mid)
Time
Diffusion of a Pandemic through a Global Transportation Network
A Emergence B Translocation
Number of infections
C Diffusion D Pandemic
A B C D
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Reported Daily New Cases, 2020
First Wave Second Wave Third Wave Fourth Wave
25 Supply shocks Demand shocks Adaptation Divergence
20
China
United States
Reported Cases per 100,000
15 Italy
Spain
Germany
United
10 Kingdom
Russia
Brazil
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
an-2 an-2 eb-2 eb-2 eb-2 eb-2 eb-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 ay-2 ay-2 ay-2 ay-2 ay-2 un-2 un-2 un-2 un-2 un-2 Jul-2 Jul-2 Jul-2 Jul-2 Jul-2 ug-2 ug-2 ug-2 ug-2 ug-2 ug-2 ep-2 ep-2 ep-2 ep-2 ep-2 ct-2 ct-2 ct-2
-J -J -F -F -F -F -F -M -M -M -M -M -A -A -A -A -A M M M M M -J -J -J -J -J - - - - - -A -A -A -A -A -A -S -S -S -S -S -O -O -O
22 28 3 9 15 21 27 4 10 16 22 28 3 9 15 21 27 3- 9- 15- 21- 27- 2 8 14 20 26 2 8 14 20 26 1 7 13 19 25 31 6 12 18 24 30 6 12 18
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Reported Daily Deaths, 2020
5,000
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000 Spain
China
2,500 United States
Italy
South Korea
2,000
Germany
United Kingdom
1,500 Russia
Brazil
1,000
500
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
an-2 an-2 an-2 an-2 eb-2 eb-2 eb-2 eb-2 eb-2 eb-2 eb-2 eb-2 eb-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 ar-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 pr-2 ay-2 ay-2 ay-2 ay-2 ay-2 ay-2
-J -J -J -J -F -F -F -F -F -F -F -F -F -M -M -M -M -M -M -M -M -M -M -M -A -A -A -A -A -A -A -A -A -A M M M M M M
22 25 28 31 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 3- 6- 9- 12- 15- 18-
Impacts of Pandemics on Supply Chains
Commodities Intermediate Goods Final Goods

SUPPLY
CHAIN Storage Manufacturing Warehouse DC
Raw Materials and Assembly
Distribution Market
1 2 3
TRANSPORT
Urban deliveries
CHAIN Bulk shipping Unit shipping LTL shipping
Supply Shocks Distribution Constraints Demand Shocks

Propagation Backpropagation
DISRUPTIONS
• Lack of raw materials • Trade restrictions • Hoarding
• Lack of parts • Lack of workforce • Drop in demand
• Lack of workforce • Closing of facilities • Substitution
The Logistics Stronghold Concept
1 Strategic Asset 3 Inventory Management

• Port, airport, inland terminal, • Procurement, storage and
2
distribution cluster, energy distribution of key resources.
generation facility. • Energy, goods and parts, food,
• Access to global/national medical supplies.
3 resources and markets. • Support facilities (maintenance).
2 Secure Facility Area 4 Secure Corridors
1
• Secure area (fences). • Access to local/regional distribution.
4 • Access restriction (checkpoints). • Setting of secure convoys.
• Maintenance of basic operations.
• Key personnel on site continuously.
The Port Authority of New
York and New Jersey
Major Planning Agencies Involved in the New York Metropolitan Area
Agency Jurisdiction Modes Type Functions
New York Metropolitan Transportation

New York City and 5 counties in NY MPO Plan, coordinate
Council
North Jersey Transportation Planning

13 counties in New Jersey MPO Plan, coordinate
Authority
New York State Department of

State of New York State highways and traffic control systems DOT Plan, build, maintain
Transportation
New Jersey Department of Transportation State of New Jersey State highways and traffic control systems DOT Plan, build, maintain
New York City Department of Transportation City of New York Local streets, arterials, traffic control systems DOT Plan, build, maintain
Marine terminals, bridges, tunnels, airports, Plan, build, operate, maintain, issue debt, toll,
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Port district in NY and NJ Special purpose
transit system collect rent
Buses, subways, commuter lines, bridges, Plan, build, operate, maintain, issue debt, toll,
Metropolitan Transportation Authority New York City and 7 counties in NY Special purpose
tunnels collect rent
New York City Economic Development

New York City Marine terminals Special purpose Plan, operate, maintain
Corporation
Federal Agencies: USDOT, FHWA, FTA United States Oversight, regulate
Financial Profile of the New York – New Jersey Port Authority, 2003
Gross Operating Revenues ($2.76 billion) Assets ($11.4 billion)
4%
5%
5% 32%
29% Interstate Transportation Network Interstate Transportation Network
Air Terminals Air Terminals

3%
Port Commerce 3% Port Commerce
12%
World Trade Center World Trade Center
58% 51%
Economic & Waterfront Development Economic & Waterfront Development
Gross Operating Revenues ($3.837 billion)
Aviation Tunnels, Bridges & Terminals

Rail (Path) Port Commerce
Development World Trade
Distribution of General Cargo Operations, Port of New York, 1959, 1987 and 2000
2000
New Jersey
1987 Brooklyn
Manhattan
Staten Island
1959
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Main Container Ports of the American East Coast, 1985-2010 (TEUs)
Boston 1985
Philadelphia 1990
1995
Palm Beach
2000
Wilmington DE 2005
2010
Baltimore
Jacksonville
Port Everglades
Miami
Savannah
Hampton Roads
Charleston
New York/New Jersey

0.0 1,000,000.0 2,000,000.0 3,000,000.0 4,000,000.0 5,000,000.0 6,000,000.0
Cargo Handled by the Port of New York, 1991-2016 (metric tons)
90,000,000
80,000,000
70,000,000
60,000,000
50,000,000 Bulk Cargo Exports

General Cargo Exports
40,000,000 Bulk Cargo Imports
General Cargo Imports
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
0
1993
1995
1996
2002
2003
2004
2010
2012
2014
1991
1992
1994
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2011
2013
2015
2016
Container Traffic Handled by the Port of New York, 1991-2018
8,000,000.0 1.78
7,000,000.0 1.76
6,000,000.0 1.74
5,000,000.0 1.72
TEU per Container

4,000,000.0 1.7
TEU
3,000,000.0 1.68
2,000,000.0 1.66
1,000,000.0 1.64
0.0 1.62
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2004
2005
2007
2015
2017
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2006
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2016
2018
Containers Handled TEUs TEU per Container Handled
Motor Vehicles Handled by the Port of New York, 1991-2018
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
1993
1995
1996
1997
2005
2007
2008
2012
2014
2015
2017
1991
1992
1994
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2009
2010
2011
2013
2016
2018
Imports Exports
On-Dock Rail Lifts, 1991-2018
700,000 0.18
0.16
600,000
0.14
500,000
0.12
Lifts per Container Handled

On-Dock Rail Lifts
400,000 0.1
300,000 0.08
0.06
200,000
0.04
100,000
0.02
0 0
1996
1997
2003
2007
2008
2010
2014
2015
2016
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2004
2005
2006
2009
2011
2012
2013
2017
2018
Passengers Handled at New York’s Major Airports, 1989-2018
160,000,000
140,000,000
120,000,000
100,000,000
80,000,000
60,000,000
40,000,000
20,000,000
0
1991
1994
1997
2000
2004
2005
2007
2010
2013
2016
1989
1990
1992
1993
1995
1996
1998
1999
2001
2002
2003
2006
2008
2009
2011
2012
2014
2015
2017
2018
JFK EWR LGA SWF
Freight Handled at New York’s Major Airports, 1985-2018
3,000,000.0
2,500,000.0
2,000,000.0
1,500,000.0
1,000,000.0
500,000.0
0.0
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2009
2012
2013
2016
2017
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2010
2011
2014
2015
2018
JFK EWR LGA SWF
Inland Flows, Port of New York c2010
Exports 57 7 4 14 18
NY/NJ Metropolitan Region

Other Mid Atlantic (NJ,NY,PA)
New England
Other East of Mississippi
West of Mississippi
Imports 76 4 3 10 7
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Share of Tonnage
Port Inland Distribution Network of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
The St. Lawrence Seaway and
Regional Development
Locks of the Montreal – Lake Ontario Section of the Seaway prior to 1901
s
ci
is
an
ng oint
ou
rr lat
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La t. L
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eP
es
oq l
ea
is
na
Sa
C tt
e
St
ad
an
s
au
in
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S
co
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ar
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ke
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Pre 1780
Lake Ontario 40x6x2.5 St. Lawrence
1785
120x20x5
1805
Rapid
120x20x5 100x20x5
1825 Lake
Lachine Canal
All 200x45x9 Canal
1848
Beauharnois Canal
All 200x45x9 270x45x14
1884
Williamsburg Canals Cornwall Soulanges Canal
1901
All 270x45x14
Mile 120 110 105 97 81 70 39 25 9 0
Elevation (feet)226 212 200 140 52 0
Technical Characteristics of the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes System
Seaway Channel Estuary & Gulf
Great Lakes St. Lawrence
Sault St. Marie
Welland Canal
Atlantic Ocean
Montreal
Duluth
Les Escoumins
Kingston
Quebec
1645 km 300 km 484 km 1271 km
Elevation
in meters
184 152 144 88 32 16 0 0
in meters
Depth
10 8.2 8.2
10.5
12.5
> 15 > 15 > 15 > 15
In deadweight tonsin meters

Width
24.3 24.3 24.3

> 300 > 300 > 300 60 240 300 > 300
Capacity
60,000 150,000 150,000 and more

30,000
25,000
Tonnage Transiting Through the St. Lawrence Seaway, 1960-2016
80,000,000
70,000,000
60,000,000
50,000,000
40,000,000
30,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
0
6 0 6 2 6 4 6 6 6 8 7 0 7 2 7 4 7 6 7 8 8 0 8 2 8 4 8 6 8 8 9 0 9 2 9 4 9 6 9 8 0 0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6
19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
-10,000,000
Upbound Downbound Balance Downbound / Upbound
Composition of the Traffic Transiting Through the St. Lawrence Seaway, 1978-2016
80000000
70000000
60000000
50000000
Other
General Cargo
40000000 Grains
Coal
30000000 Bulk
20000000
10000000
0
1978 1988 1999 2008 2011 2016
Transit Time on Sections of the St. Lawrence Seaway
90% of Transits within 95% of Transits within
Average Transit (hours)
(hours) (hours)
Welland Canal 11 9-13 7-15
Montreal / Lake Ontario
Inland Up 24 22-26 20-28
Inland Down 22 20-24 18-26
Ocean Up 23 21-25 19-27
Ocean Down 22 20-24 18-26
The St. Lawrence Seaway
The Financing of
Transportation Infrastructure
Actors in Transport Finance
Providers
Private Investors Governments Private Lenders
Transport
Finance
Public
Public Users Beneficiaries
Recipients
Capital Flow Indirect Relationship
Value Propositions behind the Interest of Equity Firms in Transport Terminals
Sectoral and geographical asset
diversification.
Mitigate risks linked with a specific
regional or national market.
Diversification
(Risk mitigation value)
Asset Source of income

(Intrinsic value) (Operational value)
Terminals occupy premium Income (rent) linked with the
locations (waterfront). traffic volume.
Globalization made terminal Constant revenue stream with
assets more valuable. limited, or predictable,
Traffic growth linked with seasonality.
valuation. Traffic growth expectations
Same amount of land generates result in income growth
a higher income. expectations.
Terminals as fairly liquid assets.
Examples of Highway Public / Private Partnerships in the United States
Chicago Skyway Indiana Toll Road
Year 2005 2006
Infrastructure 7.8 miles (12.5 km) of toll urban 156.9 mi (252.5 km) of toll intercity highway
highway with a bridge
Leaser City of Chicago State of Indiana
Lessee Skyway Concession Company Cintra and Macquarie consortium
Lease duration 99 years 75 years
Amount $1.85 billion $3.85 billion
Port and Maritime Industry Finance
Financial Capital
Investors Brokers
Markets
Commercial
Corporations Money Markets Shipping
Banks
Companies
Private Investors Capital Markets Mortgage Banks
Port Operators
Investments
Equity Markets Merchant Banks
Managers
•Insurance Companies Private

Finance Houses Earnings
•Pension Funds Placement
•Banks
•Trust Funds Leasing
•Finance Houses Companies
Table 4: Top Ten Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs) by Assets1
Country SWF Name Assets Inception Origin
(U.S. $ billions)
Norway Government Pension Fund - Global 1,035.2 1990 Oil
China China Investment Corporation 900.0 2007 Non-commodity
UAE – Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi Investment Authority 828.0 1976 Oil
Kuwait Kuwait Investment Authority 524.0 1953 Oil
Saudi-Arabia SAMA Foreign Holdings 494.0 1952 Oil
China-Hong Kong Hong Kong Monetary Authority Investment Portfolio 456.6 1993 Non-commodity
China SAFE Investment Company 441.0 1997 Non-commodity
Singapore Government of Singapore Investment Corporation 390.0 1981 Non-commodity
Singapore Temasek Holdings 320.8 1974 Non-Commodity
Qatar Qatar Investment Authority 320.0 2005 Oil & gas
Total top ten SWFs 5,709.6
Other SWFs 2,131.8
Total All SWFs 7,841.4
1
Data compiled from Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute (April 2018). Of the more than $7.8 trillion held by SWFs, over $4.3 trillion was derived from oil and gas revenues and the rest ($3.5
trillion) from other sources.

Applications and Case Studies - Part III (Planning and Environmental Issues)

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– Part III (Planning and

Truck (35 tons) 100

Truck (20 tons) 200

Aircraft (1500 km) 800

Aircraft (550 km) 1420

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000

Energy Manufacturing Transport Other

RSP NO2 SO2

Speed (km / hr)

~ 90 db(A) ~ 110 db(A)

Coal Oil Natural Gas

19% CFC (R11)

16% Jet fuel

Road Freight Ocean Freight Air Freight Rail Freight Buildings

Materials Management Forward and Reverse Supply Chains

Resource Production and

Waste or losses Post-consumer discards

Recycling Reverse Logistics

More ton-km Less spatial

2.8 lbs. 3.1 lbs.

Global Travel Wars and conflicts

Global Trade Migration

Poverty Medical practices

Spanish Flu (1918)

Bird Flu (H5N1) 60.0

Bird Flu (H7N5) 25.0

AIDS (treated) 20.0

Bubonic Plague 5.0

Swine Flu (H1N1) 0.5

Seasonal Flu 0.1

New Infections per Day

Commodities Intermediate Goods Final Goods

Supply Shocks Distribution Constraints Demand Shocks

1 Strategic Asset 3 Inventory Management

New York Metropolitan Transportation

North Jersey Transportation Planning

New York State Department of

New York City Economic Development

Federal Agencies: USDOT, FHWA, FTA United States Oversight, regulate

Gross Operating Revenues ($2.76 billion) Assets ($11.4 billion)

Air Terminals Air Terminals

Aviation Tunnels, Bridges & Terminals

New York/New Jersey

50,000,000 Bulk Cargo Exports

TEU per Container

Lifts per Container Handled

NY/NJ Metropolitan Region

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Seaway Channel Estuary & Gulf

Great Lakes St. Lawrence

Sault St. Marie

In deadweight tonsin meters

24.3 24.3 24.3

60,000 150,000 150,000 and more

Private Investors Governments Private Lenders

Asset Source of income

•Insurance Companies Private

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