SISTEM INFORMASI

DAN TEKNOLOGI (HA)

DOSEN PENGAJAR:
DR WING WAHYUWINARNO MAFIS
CA

RMK :
THEORITICAL CONSTURCTS AND RELATIONSHIPS
IN
INFORMATION
SYSTEMS RESEARCH
MOCHAMAD RISNANDA
NIM :
206020302011004

RMK :
THEORITICAL CONSTURCTS AND RELATIONSHIPS
IN
INFORMATION
 ABSTRAK

DAFTAR
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND

ISI METHOD
RESULT
DISCUSSION
LIMITATION
CONCLUSION
ABSTRA
K
 INTRODUCTION

THE MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS (IS)

LITERATURE PROVIDES IS RESEARCHERS WITH NUMEROUS
PERSPECTIVES ON THE NATURE, USE, AND IMPORTANCE OF
SOUND THEORY TO THE CONDUCT OF RIGOROUS RESEARCH
(E.G. BACHARACH, 1989; GREGOR, 2006; SUTTON &
STAW, 1995; WHETTEN, 1989)

THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN THIS LITERATURE HAVE INCREASINGLY SERVED TO

GUIDE RESEARCH INQUIRIES SUCH THAT THE USE OF SUBSTANTIVE THEORETICAL
FOUNDATIONS HAS BECOME AN ESSENTIAL HALLMARK OF WORK CONSIDERED
SUITABLE FOR PUBLI- CATION IN LEADING JOURNALS.
Inadequate attention to the nature of the
constructs and relationships underpinning a
theory can have severe negative implications for
its application and ultimate success.

The centrality of constructs and relationships to

the theory development process is highlighted by
research methods that call for a thorough
exploration of their essence as the basis for the
development of new theory (e.g., Glaser &
Strauss, 1967).
We commence our discussion with a presentation
of the conceptual background for our work.
Subsequent to this presentation we describe the
methodology that was used to acquire and
analyze our data and then report on the key
findings that stem for this analysis. We conclude
with a discussion of some of the implications of
our analysis, an assessment of key limitations,
and some closing remarks.
BACKGROUND
Theoretical Constructs and Relationships

THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
GUIDE MANY FACETS OF THE
RESEARCH THAT IS CONDUCTED AND
REPORTED UPON IN THE FIELD OF
INFORMATION SYSTEM INCLUDING
RESEARCH CONCEPTUALIZATION
AND CHOICE OF METHODOLOGY.
DESPITE SUCH ATTENTION AND THE
FREQUENT CALLS FOR MORE AND
BETTER THEORIZING (WEBER, 2003),
THE MEANING OF THE TERM ‘THEORY’
REMAINS THE SUBJECT OF
CONSIDERABLE DISCUSSION
(GREGOR, 2006).
RELATIONSHIPS ARE GENERALLY
CONCEIVED OF AS DESCRIBING THE
NATURE OF THE CAUSAL LINKAGES
AMONG CONSTRUCTS (MARKUS &
ROBEY, 1988; WHETTEN, 1989) THOUGH
THE MANNER IN WHICH THESE
LINKAGES ARE CHARACTERIZED
VARIES CONSIDERABLY DEPENDING
ON THE PHENOMENA OF INTEREST
AND THE CONCEPTION OF THEORY
THAT IS BEING INVOKED. THEY CAN,
FOR INSTANCE, BE DESCRIBED AS
LINEAR OR CURVILINEAR WHEN
POSITIVIST VARIANCE-ORIENTED
THEORY IS BEING PRESENTED OR
THEY CAN BE LINKED TO A TEMPORAL
DIMENSION AS IS TYPICALLY THE CASE
IN THE CONTEXT OF
PROCESSORIENTED THEORIES
(BACHARACH, 1989; MARKUS & ROBEY,
1988; MITCHELL & JAMES, 2001). IN LESS
POSITIVIST PERSPECTIVES,
RELATIONSHIPS ARE MORE LIKELY TO
BE CHARACTERIZED IN TERMS OF
ASSOCIATIONS OR AS CONTRIBUTING
FACTORS
 NOMOLOGICAL
NETWORKS

Marketin g Operations Sales Supply Chain Logistics

Empirical support for a theoretical perspective can
be improved by linking it to other theories
through what have been referred to as a boundary
spanning constructs (Bacharach, 1989). Boundary
spanning constructs are constructs that are
shared by multiple theories and, as such, they are
of considerable importance to the theories which
share them. Closely related to the notion of a
boundary spanning construct is that of a
nomological network (Cronbach & Meehl, 1955).
Nomological networks are constructed by linking
theoretical constructs into a network of established
relationships. Since the relationships in a
nomological network are generally well
established, the validity of new constructs is often
assessed by evaluating

(Mayer, Roberts, & Barsade, 2008).

ANALYSIS OF
EMPIRICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
RESEARCH
METHOD

150

100

50

0
Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5
HENCE, IN THESE TERMS, ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENTS OF EACH RELATIONSHIP IN
THE RELATIONSHIP DATASET WERE ASSESSED BY RETURNING TO THE SOURCE ARTICELS
TO REVIEW CONSTRUCT DEFINITION AND EMPIRICAL OPERATIONALIZATIONS. BASED ON
THE INFORMATION OBTAINED FROM THIS PROCESS IT WAS POSSIBLE TO CONSOLIDATE
SOME CONSTRUCTS AND THEREBY REDUCE THE NUMBER OF DISTINCT CONSTRUCTS IN
THE DATASET WHILE STILL REMAINING TRUE TO RESEARCHER INTEN- TIONS. FOR
INSTANCE, TWO CONSTRUCTS WITH DISTINCT NAMES WERE MERGED IF A REVIEW OF
THEIR VARIABLE MEASURES SUGGESTED THAT THEY WERE EXAMINING ESSENTIALLY THE
SAME NOTION. THIS PROCESS OF AS- SESSMENT AND CONSOLIDATION WAS REPEATED
TWICE FOR EVERY ANTECEDENT AND CONSEQUENT RESULTING IN A REDUCTION FROM
1295 DISTINCT CONSTRUCTS IN THE INITIAL DATASET TO 690 CONSTRUCTS FOLLOWING
THE CONSOLIDATION PROCESS.
RESULT
THE USE OF CONSTRUCTS IN
IS RESEARCH
TABLE 1 PROVIDES A LIST OF THE 18 CONSTRUCTS
FROM THIS DATASET THAT WERE POSITED AS AN
ANTECED- ENT OR CONSEQUENT IN AT LEAST 20
RELATIONSHIPS. ALSO INCLUDED IN THE TABLE ARE
BRIEF DESCRIPTIONS OF THESE CONSTRUCTS AND
AN INDICATION OF THE NUMBER OF TIMES THAT
EACH WAS INCLUDED IN A RELATIONSHIP. THE 18
CONSTRUCTS LISTED IN TABLE 1 ACCOUNT FOR LESS
THAN 3% OF ALL CONSTRUCTS IN THE DATASET
THOUGH THEY ACCOUNT FOR 27% OF ALL
RELATIONSHIP ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENTS
AND CAN THEREFORE BE CONSIDERED
SEPARATING CONSTRUCTS INTO THOSE POSITED AS
ANTECEDENTS AND THOSE POSITED AS
CONSEQUENTS YIELDED A LIST OF 502 DISTINCT
ANTECEDENTS AND A LIST OF 339 DISTINCT
CONSEQUENTS. IT SHOULD BE NOTED HERE THAT
THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THE TOTAL
CONSTRUCT COUNT AND THE SUM OF THE
ANTECEDENT AND CONSE- QUENT COUNTS IS
INDICATIVE OF THE EXTENT TO WHICH
CONSEQUENTS ARE ALSO THEORIZED AS
ANTECEDENTS AND VICE VERSA. SIMILAR TO TABLE 1,
TABLE 2 AND TABLE 3 ENUMERATE THOSE
CONSTRUCTS THAT WERE POSITED AS AN
ANTECEDENT OR CONSEQUENT A MINIMUM OF 20
TIMES. THE CONSTRUCTS IN THESE TWO TABLES
ACCOUNT, RESPECTIVELY, FOR 1.4% AND 2.7% OF
THE ANTECEDENT AND CONSEQUENT CONSTRUCTS
WHILE ALSO ACCOUNTING FOR 19.3% AND 22.8% OF
RELATIONSHIP ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENTS.
TABLE 2
TABLE 3
TABLE 4
RELATIONSHIPS IN IS RESEARCH
 THE FINAL DATASET INCLUDED A TOTAL OF 1512
RELATIONSHIPS THAT WERE SUBSEQUENTLY
REVIEWED TO IDENTIFY 1172 DISTINCT
RELATIONSHIPS. OF THE 1172 DISTINCT
RELATIONSHIPS, 961 RECEIVED EMPIRICAL SUPPORT
WHILE 289 WERE UNSUPPORTED BY EMPIRI- CAL
EVIDENCE.
FIGURE
1
AS FIGURE 1 SHOWS, ORGANIZATIONAL
PERFORMANCE WAS FOUND TO BE RELATED TO
TECHNOLOGY USE, USE SCOPE, INTEGRA- TION, AND
CAPABILITY WHILE TASK PERFORMANCE WAS ONLY
RELATED TO TECHNOLOGY CAPABILITY. SUBSEQUENT
TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIGURE 1, A NOMOLOGICAL
NETWORK WAS CONSTRUCTED THAT INCLUDED ALL
OF THE CONSTRUCTS IN TABLE 1 IN ORDER TO
PRESENT A NETWORK OF ALL OF THE MOST SALIENT
CONSTRUCTS AND RELATIONSHIPS IN IS RESEARCH
AS SUGGESTED BY ANALYSIS OF OUR DATASET.
NOMOLOGICAL NETWORK OF
IS DISCIPLINE

This network is presented in Figure 2

with relationship labels removed to
improve readability. Figure 2 can be
contrasted with Fig- ure 1 by
recognizing that Figure 1 includes only
technology and performance related
constructs while Figure 2 includes all
constructs that our dataset suggests are
prominent in IS research. In the
following section we offer a brief
discus- sion of some of the implications
that the results reported here may
have for the development and
application theory in the field
 DISCUSSIO
N
First, readers may wish to test the veracity of the
nomological networks that we present in an effort
to ensure that IS researchers have a sound basis upon
which future theory development and test- ing can be built.
Second, efforts to better place future research within the
context of the networks that have been presented can serve
to increase the rigors of this result and our confidence in
it.
This work can simultaneously support other theory
development work by yielding important extensions to the
networks that we offer. Third, researchers who are
uncomfortable with the cur- rent framing of the discipline
may seek to extend the nomological network to place
greater emphasis on other constructs or incorporate new
constructs. Finally, there is a need in a number of cases to
develop and link the theoretical explanations that we use to
account for the empirical evidence depicted in these
nomological networks (Sutton & Staw, 1995; Whetten,
1989).
 LIMITATION AND
FUTURE RESEARCH

Finally, it must be remembered that the analysis and networks offered here are intended to facili-
tate further theory development rather than as a stricture upon the dynamic evolution of the
field
In an effort to better elucidate the broad themes of the empirical literature, only the most salient constructs
and relationships were included and these networks cannot, therefore, be considered to exhaustively
represent all constructs and relation -ships of interest to the discipline. They do, how- ever, provide some
framework for understanding the nature of existing theory within IS research and for recognizing what
remains to be done.
BH
CONCLUSION
HBH
CONCLUSION

As has been noted, good theory requires that substantive theoretical explana - tions be offered for why relationships between
constructs exist and under what circumstances they are most and least likely to be found
This challenge that we present to you the reader. We encourage you to read further in this volume in pursuit of more and better
theory.