Христофор Колумб

⚫ Three quarters of a life - in navigation

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⚫ Among great figures of a world civilization of very few people it can be
compared to Columbus on number of the publications, devoted its life, and
simultaneously on an abundance of " white spots » in the biography. More or
less confidently it is possible to approve, that by origin it the genoese and
nearby 1465 has acted on the Genoa fleet, after a while has received heavy
wound. Up to 1485 floated on the Portuguese courts, veins in Lisbon and on
islands Madieras and the Mouth-ЯбЎФТ, being engaged in trade, drawing up of
cards and self-education. It is not found out, when and where it has made the
project western, in its opinion, the shortest sea way from the Europe to India;
the project has been based on the antique doctrine about sphericity of the
Earth and on miscalculations of scientific 15 century In 1485 after refusal of the
Portuguese king to support this project Columbus has got over to Castile where
by means of андалусских merchants and bankers has achieved the
organization under the command of the governmental sea expedition.
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⚫ The first expedition (1492-93) in structure of 90 person on 3 courts -
«Санта-Мария», «Пинта» and «Нинья» - has left from Палоса on
August, 3rd 1492, from Canary islands has turned on the West, has
crossed Atlantic ocean, having opened Sargasso sea, and has reached
island in the Bahama archipelago, named by the traveller San Salvador
where Columbus has landed on October, 12th 1492 (official date of
opening of America). Long time the island Uotling was considered
(1940-82) San Salvador. However, our contemporary the American
geographer Dzh. Джадж in 1986 has processed on a computer all the
collected materials and has come to conclusion: the first American
ground seen by Columbus was island Samana (120 km юго-to the east
Уотлинга). On October, 14-24th Columbus approached to several
Bahamas, and on October, 28th - on December, 5th has opened a part
of northeast coast of Cuba. On December, 6th has reached island Haiti
and has moved along northern coast. On the night of December, 25th
leader «Санта-Мария» of villages on a reef, but crew was rescueed. For
the first time in history мореходства under Columbus's order under
sailor's a cot American Indian hammocks have been adapted.
Columbus on «Нинье» on March, 15th 1499 has returned to Castile. A
political resonance of navigation of Columbus was « the papal meridian
»: the chapter of Catholic church has established the line of
demarcation which has specified competed Spain and Portugal various
directions for opening of the new grounds in Atlantic.
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⚫ The second expedition (1493-96) which was headed by admiral
Columbus, in a post of vice-king of again open grounds,
consisted of 17 courts with crew 1,5-2,5 thousand person. On
November, 3-15rd 1493 Columbus has opened islands Dominicas,
Guadeloupe and about 20 Lesser Antilles, on November, 19th
island Puerto Rico. In March 1494 in searches of gold has made a
military campaign in depth of island Haiti, has opened
southeast and southern coast of Cuba, isle of Pines and Jamaica
in the summer. Within 40 days Columbus surveyed southern
coast Haiti which gain has continued in 1495. But in the spring
1496 has sailed home, having finished the second navigation on
June, 11th in Castile. Columbus has informed on opening a new
way to Asia. The colonization which has begun soon of the new
grounds free поселенцами managed to the Spanish crown very
dearly, and Columbus has suggested to occupy islands criminals,
twice having reduced it term of punishment. With fire and a
sword, plundering and destroying the country of ancient
culture, by the ground aztecs - Mexico - there have passed
Cortes's military groups, by the ground инков - Peru - groups
Pisarro.
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⚫ The third expedition (1498-1500) consisted of six courts, three from
which Columbus has led through Atlantic. On July, 31st 1498 has
opened island Trinidad, has entered into gulf of Paria, has found out a
mouth of the western sleeve of delta Orinoco and peninsula Parija,
having begun opening of South America. Having left to Caribbean sea,
approached to peninsula Araja, has opened on August, 15th island
Margarita and on August, 31st has arrived to Haiti. In 1500 on a
denunciation Columbus is arrested and, chained in shackles (which
then stored all life), has been sent to Castile where it was waited with
clearing.
⚫ Having achieved the sanction to
continue searches of the western way to
India, Columbus on four courts (the
fourth expedition, 1502-04) has reached
on June, 15th 1502 islands Martiniques,
on July, 30th - Гондурасского a gulf
where for the first time has met
representatives of an ancient
civilization майя, but has not given to it
value. Since August, 1st 1502 on May, 1st
1503 has opened 2000 km of the
Caribbean coast of Central America (up
to gulf Ураба). Not having found pass
to the West, it has turned on the north
and on June, 25th 1503 was wrecked at
coast of Jamaica. The help from Santo-
Domingo has come only in a year.
Columbus has returned to Castile on
November, 7th 1504 already hard sick.
⚫ Last years of a life and value of opening
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⚫ Illness, fruitless and burdensome negotiations with king about
restoration of the rights, безденежье have undermined
Columbus's last forces, and on May, 20th 1506 it has died. Its
opening were accompanied by colonization of the grounds, the
basis of the Spanish settlements, severe enthralment and mass
destruction by groups конкистадоров the indigenous
population named by "Indians." Columbus was not the
pathbreaker of America: islands and coast of Northern America
were visited by Normen for hundreds years up to it. However
only Columbus's opening had world-wide-historical value. That
it has found new parts of the world, has been finally proved
Magellan's by navigation.
⚫ Columbus as the person
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⚫ Growth Columbus was above an average, strong
and fine constitution. Its reddish hair in a youth
have early turned grey, why it looked is more
senior than the years. On the oblong wrinkled and
exposed to the wind person with бородкой alive
blue eyes and an aquiline nose were allocated. It
the rare practicality, painful vanity and
suspiciousness, passion to gold distinguished
belief in a divine foresight and omens, and at the
same time. It possessed sharp mind, gift of belief
and versatile knowledge. Columbus was twice
married and had two sons. Its name carry: the
state in South America, a province of Canada,
Federal district and the river in the USA, capital of
Sri Lanka, and also set of the rivers, mountains,
lakes, falls, capes, cities, parks, squares, streets
and bridges in the different countries. In
Barcelona the monument to Columbus (1882-88,
architect K.Buichas, sculptors H.Limona and
A.Vilanova) is put.