Zion Desir

Form 3C
History
Columbus’s Four Voyages
10/7/2020

First Voyage (1492-1493)

Columbus and his crew members took three ships on this voyage
to find a shorter route to India. They were the Santa María, the
Pinta and the Santa Clara (nicknamed the Niña). The Santa
María was owned and captained by Juan de la Cosa, while the
other two boats were captained by Martín Alonso Pinzón
(captained the Pinta) and Vicente Yáñez Pinzón (captained the
Niña). Columbus and his men departed on August 3, 1492.)

Three days into the journey, the rudder of the Pinta broke. Martín
suspected that the ship's owners sabotaged the ship, because
they were afraid to go on the journey. The crew was able to
secure the rudder until they could reach the Canary Islands. They
reached the Canary Islands on August 9. The rudder was
replaced on the island of Gran Canaria, and on September 2 the
ship’s met up at the island of La Homers to have parts replaced
and repaired. On September 6, all three ships departed the island
on a five-week westward voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.
After almost a month without a sight of land, the crewmates saw a
large flock of birds, and the crew caught some and determined
them to be field birds. Columbus changed the ships course to
follow their flight.

On October 11, Columbus changed the course of the ships to due

west, as he believed there would be land soon. At around 10:00
pm, Columbus thought he saw a light. Four hours later, land was
sighted. Columbus called this land San Salvador, which means
“Holy Saviour”.

There were indigenous people on the island, and he called them

indios (Spanish for Indians) He observed their lifestyle for quite a
time. He also explored the northeast coast of Cuba and the
northwest coast of Hispaniola (present day Haiti). On Christmas
Day, the Santa María ran aground and had to be abandoned. He
was given permission to leave 39 of his men behind on the island,
and he founded the settlement of La Navidad.

Columbus started the journey back to Spain on January 16, 1493,

and arrived back at Spain on March 15.

Second Voyage (1493-1496)

Columbus set sail on September 25, 1493 with the objective to
convert the Indians to Christianity. This fleet consisted of 17 ships
(two naos and fifteen caravels). The two naos were the
flagship Marigalante and the Gallega. The caravels were
the Fraila, San Juan, Colina, Gallarda, Gutierre, Bonial, Rodriga,
Triana, Vieja, Prieta , Gorda, Cardera, and Quintera. The Niña
also returned for this journey.

On November 3, 1493, Columbus landed on the shore of an

island he named Dominica. He also landed on another island
which he named Santa María la Galante. After sailing for a while,
he arrived at Guadeloupe, and explored it between November 4
and November 10, 1493. He then turned North and found and
named many islands, which include Santa María de Montserrat
(Montserrat), Santa María la Antigua (Antigua) and Santa María la
Redonda (Saint Martin).

The fleet continued to the Greater Antilles, landing on the island

of San Juan Bautista, which is present day Puerto Rico, On
November 19, 1493, and rescued some females that the local
Caribs had been keeping as sex slaves.

Columbus returned to Hispaniola on November 22, where he

found out that his men at La Navidad had been killed. Columbus
established a new settlement at La Isabela, but the settlement w
as short-lived. He spent some time looking for gold in the interior,
and upon finding some, he made a small fort in the interior.
He left Hispaniola on April 4, 1494, and arrived at Cuba on April
30, and Jamaica on May 5. He explored the south coast of Cuba
and many nearby islands before returning to Hispaniola on
August 20. After spending some time there, he returned to Spain.

Third Voyage (1498-1500)

Columbus set sail with six ships on May 30, 1498, with the
objective to verify to existence of a continent that was suggested
to be located southwest of the Cape Verde Islands. Three of the
ship’s headed to Hispaniola with supplies, and Columbus took the
other three to explore what may lie south of the Caribbean islands
he already visited, which included a hoped-for route to Asia.

On July 13, the fleet entered the doldrums (windless, hot area) of
the mid-Atlantic due to a lack of wind, while the heat did damage
to their ships and food/water supplies. An easterly wind finally
propelled them, until July 22, when they saw birds flying from
southwest to northeast, and then the fleet turned north. The men
sighted Trinidad on 31 July. They sailed along the southern coast
and entered Dragon's Mouth.

On August 1, Columbus arrived near South America ‘s Orinoco

river, in where the region which is now Venezuela. He believed do
it to be Asia. On 5 August he landed on the mainland of South
America. Columbus was suffering from insomnia and impaired
vision, let other fleet captains go first, one planted a cross and the
other recorded that Columbus landed to formally take the area for
Spain.

Because of his deteriorating health, Columbus returned to

Hispaniola on August 19, to find that many Spanish settlers were
in rebellion against his rule. Columbus was eventually forced to
make peace with the colonists. In 1500, the Crown took away his
role as governor, arrested, and transported to Spain. He
eventually was freed and was allowed to return to the Americas,
but not as Governor.

Fourth Voyage (1502-1504)

Columbus set sail on his fourth and final voyage on March 14,
1502, with the objective to find the Strait of Malacca to the Indian
Ocean.

On June 15, they landed at Carney on the island of Martinique.

He anticipated that there was going to be a hurricane and had a
ship needed replacement, so he headed to Hispaniola even tough
he was forbidden to land there. He arrived on June 29 but was
denied port. Columbus's ship sheltered at the Haina river, while
the governed Bobadilla departed with over USD $10 million of
Colombia’s gold aboard his ship, accompanied by 30 other
vessels. Columbia’s personal gold and other belongings were put
on the Aguya, which was considered the fleet worse ship. The
hurricane winds drove some ship’s ashore, while sinking some of
them in the harbor of Santa Domingo. About 20 other ships sunk
in the Atlantic, with a whopping 500 people drowning. Three
damaged ship’s made only back to Santo Domingo. Only the
Aguya made it back to Spain.

After the hurricane, Columbus and his crew regrouped, and made
a brief stop at Jamaica to replenish supplies. He then sailed to
Guanaja in Central America on July 30. He found Mayans and
they introduced him to cacao. On August 14, he landed on the
mainland at Puerto Castilla. He spent two months there looking
for the passage before arriving IN Almirante Bay, Panama, on
October 16.

On December 5, Columbus and crew found themselves in a bad

storm. Columbus stayed at Panama from January 1503, and left
for Hispaniola on April 16. On May 10, he sighted the Cayman
Islands and named them “Las Tortugas”. The ship’s sustained
damage in a storm off the coast of Cuba, and beached in Jamaica
on June 25.

Columbus and his men were stranded on Jamaica for a year.

Some of his mean paddled a canoe to Hispaniola to request help.
The governor of the island, Nicolás de Ovando, did not like
Columbus and obstructed any efforts to save him.
Help finally arrived from Ovando on June 29, when a caravel
finally appeared. The caravel took 45 days to reach Hispaniola.

About 38 of the 110 survivors decided to stay in Hispaniola. On

September 11, 1504, Columbus and son went in a caramel to
travel from Hispaniola TO Spain. They arrived on November 7.

Editor's note: Sorry for making this so long miss, there was a lot
of information and I tried to summarize it as best as I could
without plagiarizing and without leaving out too many details. I
saw that the assignment was 100 points so I wanted to put a lot of
information, but not too much.