Principle of

Stepper
m o t o r
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device which
converts electrical pulses into discrete mechanical
movements. The shaft or spindle of a stepper motor
rotates indiscrete step increments when electrical
command pulses are applied to it in the proper
sequence. The motors rotation has several direct
relationships to these applied input pulses. The
sequence of the applied pulses is directly related to
the direction of motor shafts rotation. The speed of
the motor shafts rotation is directly related to the
frequency of the input pulses and the length of
rotation is directly related to the number of input
pulses applied.
 Types o f stepper m o t o r
 There are three basic type
of stepper motor. They
are as follows
 Variable-reluctance motor
 Permanent magnet motor
 Hybrid motor
PermAnent mAGnet AnD
HYBriD stePPer m o t o r
 WHEN TO USE A STEPPER
MOTOR
 A stepper motor can be a good choice whenever
controlled movement is required They can be used to
advantage in applications where you need to control
rotation angle, speed, position and synchronism.
Because of inherent advantages listed previously,
stepper motor have their place in many different
applications.
 STEPPER MOTOR
CHA RA CTERI STI C
1. S motors are constant power devices.
Stepper
2. As motor speed increases, torque decreases.
3. Steppers exhibit more vibration than other motor
types, as the discrete step tends to snap the rotor
from one position to another.
4. This vibration can become very bad at some speeds
and can cause the motor to lose torque.
 TORQUE
GENERATION
The torque produced by a stepper motor depends on
several factor.
1. Step rate
2. The drive current in the winding
3. Drive design
The basic relationship which define the intensity of
magnetic flux is defined by:
H = (N x i)/ l
where: H =
Magnetic flux intensity
N = The number of winding turns
l = Magnetic flux path length
 SI Z E A ND
POWER
In addition to being classified by their step angle stepper motors
are also classified according to frame sizes
which correspond to the diameter of the body of the motor. For
instance a size 11 stepper motor has a body diameter of
approximately 1.1 inches. Likewise a size 23 stepper motor
has a body diameter of 2.3 inches (58 mm), etc. The body
length may however, vary from motor to motor within the
same frame size classification. As a general rule the available
torque output from a motor of a particular frame size will
increase with increased body length.
Power levels for IC-driven stepper motors typically range from

below a watt for very small motors up to 10 –20 watts for

larger motors. The maximum power dissipation level or
thermal limits of the motor are seldom clearly stated in the motor
manufacturers data. To determine this we m ust apply the
 THE ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
When a phase winding of a stepper motor is energized
with current a magnetic flux is developed in the stator.
The direction of this flux is determined by the “Right
Hand Rule”
The magnetic flux path developed when phase is
energized with winding current in the direction. The rotor
then aligns itself so that the flux opposition is
minimized. In this case the motor would rotate
clockwise so that its south pole aligns with the north
pole and its north pole is
aligns with the south pole. To get motor rotate we can

provide a sequence of energizing the stator winding in

TORQUE VS ANGLE

CHARACTERISTI
CS
TORQUE VS SPEED

CHARACTERISTI
CS
SINGLE STEP RESPONSE
AND RESONANCE
 AdvAntAges
1. Excellent response to starting/stopping/
reversing.

2. It is possible to achieve very low speed synchronous

rotation with a load that is directly coupled to the shaft.

3.The motors response to digital input pulses provides

open-loop control, making the motor simpler and less
costly to control.
The motor has full torque at standstill
(if the windings are energized)
 d
I s A d v A n
1.Resonances can occur if not
t A g e s
properly controlled.
2.Not easy to operate at extremely
high speeds
 APPLICATIONS
Computer-controlled stepper motors are one of the most versatile forms of
positioning systems. They are typically digitally controlled as part of an
open loop system, and are simpler and more rugged than closed loop servo
systems.
Industrial applications are in high speed pick and place equipment and
multi-axis machine CNC machines often directly driving lead screws or
ballscrews. In the field of lasers and optics they are frequently used in
precision positioning equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages,
rotation stages, goniometers, and mirror mounts. Other uses are in
packaging machinery, and positioning of valve pilot stages for fluid
control systems.
Commercially, stepper motors are used in floppy disk drives, flatbed
scanners, computer printers, plotters, slot machines, and many more
devices.
Some people looking for generators for homemade Wind Turbines
found