FUZZY IMPLICATIONS

(IF-THEN RULES)
 FUZZY IF-THEN RULES

• Many of fuzzy applications are based on fuzzy

if-then rules
• It expresses what happen if a fuzzy set is true
• The fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules combine to form
a fuzzy system.
• For example: automatic control
 FUZZY RULES
• Human knowledge builds fuzzy rules.
▫ Consider the decision to bring an umbrella to work
under the following circumstances:
 70% chance of rain.
 An umbrella keeps you dry.
 If it rains you will get wet.
 If you get wet, you will be uncomfortable at work.
 If you have an umbrella you will be dry.
▫ Through this knowledge, you reason to bring an
umbrella to work.
▫ The knowledge of the percentage of rain and what an
umbrella is used for led you to make rules that guided
you through your reasoning.
 FUZZY RULES
A fuzzy implication (also known as fuzzy If-Then rule, fuzzy rule,
or fuzzy conditional statement) assumes the form :

If x is A then y is B

where, A and B are two linguistic variables defined by fuzzy sets A

and B on the universe of discourses X and Y , respectively.
Often, x is A is called the antecedent or premise, while y is B is
called the consequence or conclusion.
 FUZZY IMPLICATION : EXAMPLE 1

If pressure is High then temperature is Low

If mango is Yellow then mango is Sweet else mango is Sour

If road is Good then driving is Smooth else traffic is High

The fuzzy implication is denoted as R : A → B

In essence, it represents a binary fuzzy relation R on the
(Cartesian) product of A × B
 FUZZY IMPLICATION : EXAMPLE 2
Suppose, P and T are two universes of discourses representing
Pressure and Temperature, respectively as follows.

P = { 1,2,3,4} and T ={ 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 }
Let the linguistic variable High temperature and Low pressure are given
as
THIGH = {(20, 0.2), (25, 0.4), (30, 0.6), (35, 0.6), (40, 0.7), (45, 0.8), (50,
0.8)}
PLOW = (1, 0.8), (2, 0.8), (3, 0.6), (4, 0.4)
 FUZZY IMPLICATIONS : EXAMPLE 2
Then the fuzzy implication If temperature is High then
pressure is Low can be defined as
R : THIGH → PLOW

Note : If temperature is 40 then what about low pressure?

Interpretation of fuzzy rules

In general, there are two ways to interpret the fuzzy rule

A → B as
 A coupled with B

 A entails B
 INTERPRETATION AS A COUPLED WITH B

R : A → B = A × B = X ×Y µA(x ) ∗ µB (y )|(x,y ) ;
where ∗ is called a T-norm operator.
T-norm operator
The most frequently used T-norm operators are:
Minimum : Tmin(a, b) = min(a, b) = a ∧ b
Algebric product : Tap (a, b) = ab
Bounded product : Tbp (a, b) = 0 ∨ (a + b − 1)
Drastic product : Tdp = b if a = 1
a if b = 1
0 ifa, b < 1
Here, a = µA(x ) and b = µB (y ). T∗ is called the function of T-norm operator.
 INTERPRETATION AS A COUPLED WITH B

Based on the T-norm operator as defined above, we can

automatically define the
fuzzy rule R : A → B as a fuzzy set with two-dimentional MF:
µR (x, y ) = f (µA(x ), µB (y )) = f (a, b) with a=µA(x ) , b=µB
(y ), and f is the fuzzy implication function.
INTERPRETATION AS A COUPLED WITH B
PRODUCT OPERATORS
INTERPRETATION OF A ENTAILS B
There are three main ways to interpret such implication:
Material implication :
R : A → B = ¯A ∪ B
Propositional calculus :
R : A → B = ¯A ∪ (A ∩ B)
Extended propositional calculus :
R : A → B = ( ¯A ∩ B
¯ ) ∪ B
INTERPRETATION OF A ENTAILS B
With the above mentioned implications, there are a
number of fuzzy implication functions that are popularly
followed in fuzzy rule-based system.
INTERPRETATION OF A ENTAILS B
EXAMPLE 3: ZADEH’S MAX-MIN RULE
If x is A then y is B with the implication of Zadeh’s max-min rule
can be written equivalently as :

Rmm = (A × B) ∪ (A¯ × Y )
Here, Y is the universe of discourse with membership values for all
y ∈ Y is 1, that is , µY (y ) = 1∀y ∈ Y.

Suppose X = {a, b, c, d } and Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}

and A = {(a, 0.0), (b, 0.8), (c, 0.6), (d, 1.0)}
B = {(1, 0.2), (2, 1.0), (3, 0.8), (4, 0.0)} are two fuzzy sets.
We are to determine Rmm = (A × B) ∪ (A¯ × Y )
EXAMPLE 3: ZADEH’S MAX-MIN RULE

This R represent if x is A then y is B

EXAMPLE 4 :

IF x is A THEN y is B else y is C.
The relation R is equivalent to

R = (A × B) ∪ (A¯ × C)
The membership function of R is given by
µR (x, y ) =max [min{µA(x ), µB (y )}, min{µA¯ (x ),
µC (y )]
 EXAMPLE 4 :

X = {a, b, c, d }
Y = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A = {(a, 0.0), (b, 0.8), (c, 0.6), (d, 1.0)}
B = {(1, 0.2), (2, 1.0), (3, 0.8), (4, 0.0)}
C = {(1, 0), (2, 0.4), (3, 1.0), (4, 0.8)}
Determine the implication relation :
If x is A then y is B else y is C
EXAMPLE 4 :

This relation R represnet IF x is A THEN y is B else y is

FUZZY REASONING
(INFERENCE)
 FUZZY REASONING

• Fuzzy reasoning (or approximate reasoning)

is an inference procedure
• It derives conclusions from a set of fuzzy
if- then rules and known facts
 COMPOSITIONAL RULE OF INFERENCE

• Similar idea was used for max-min operation

• Suppose we have a curve y = f(x)
• When we are given x = a, then we can infer that y = b = f(a)
• A generalization would be allowing a to be an interval and
f(x) to be an interval-values function
• We should first construct cylindrical extension of a and
then find its intersection I with the interval-values curve
• The projection of I onto the y-axis yields the interval y
=b
COMPOSITIONAL RULE OF
INFERENCE
COMPOSITIONAL RULE OF
INFERENCE
• Going one step further f is a fuzzy relation on X×Y
and A is a fuzzy set of X
• We would like to find the resulting fuzzy set B
• c(A) is a cylindrical extension with base A
• The intersection of c(A) and f forms I
• By projecting I = c(A)Ոf onto the y-axis, y is
inferred as a fuzzy set B on the y-axis
COMPOSITIONAL RULE OF
INFERENCE
 FUZZY INFERENCES

Propositional logic:

We know the following in propositional logic.

Modus Ponens : P, P =⇒ Q, ⇔Q
Modus Tollens : P =⇒ Q, ¬Q ⇔, ¬P
Chain rule : P =⇒ Q, Q =⇒ R ⇔, P =⇒ R
 EXAMPLE :PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC

C ∨ D
 ~ H =⇒ (A∧ ∼ B)
C ∨ D =⇒ ~ H
(A∧ ~ B) =⇒ (R ∨ S)

From the above can we infer R ∨ S?

Similar concept is also followed in fuzzy logic to infer a fuzzy rule
from a set of given fuzzy rules (also called fuzzy rule base).
 MODUS PONENS AND MODUS TOLLENS
There are two consistent logical argument constructions: modus ponens ("the way that
affirms by affirming") and modus tollens ("the way that denies by denying").
Here are how they are constructed:

Modus Ponens: "If A is true, then B is true. A is true. Therefore, B is true."

Modus Tollens: "If A is true, then B is true. B is not true. Therefore, A is not true."

There are two related incorrect and inconsist constructions:

affirming the consequent and denying the antecedent.

Affirming the Consequent: "If A is true, then B is true. B is true. Therefore, A is true."
Denying the Antecedent: "If A is true, then B is true. A is not true. Therefore, B is not
true."
Examples
"A" and "B" can be anything - they can even be totally made up words. Don't let the
language fool you. Focus on the CONSTRUCTION of the argument. Here is a sensible
example, illustrating each of the above:
"If it is a car, then it has wheels. It is a car. Therefore, it has wheels." (Modus Ponens -
CORRECT)
"If it is a car, then it has wheels. It does not have wheels. Therefore, it is not a car."
(Modus Tollens - CORRECT)
 INFERRING PROCEDURES

Two important inferring procedures are used in fuzzy

systems :

Generalized Modus Ponens (GMP)

,
If x is A Then y is B x is A
————————————
,
y is B

Generalized Modus Tollens (GMT)

,
If x is A Then y is B y is B
————————————
 INFERRING PROCEDURES
Here, A, B, A ' and B ' are fuzzy sets.
where A’ is close to A and B’ is close to B.
 When A, B, A’, and B’ are fuzzy sets of appropriate universe,
the inference procedure is called approximate reasoning (or
fuzzy reasoning, or generalized modus ponens (GMP))

• Let A, A’ and B be fuzzy sets of X, X and Y, respectively

• Assume A  B is expressed as a fuzzy relation R on X×Y
• Then, the fuzzy set B induced by “x is A” and the fuzzy rule
“if x is A, then y is B” is defined by

• Or equivalently
 GENERALIZED MODUS PONENS
Generalized Modus Ponens (GMP)

P : If x is A then y is B
Let us consider two sets of variables x and y be
X = {x 1 , x2, x 3 } and Y = {y 1 , y 2 }, respectively.
Also, let us consider the following.
A = {(x1 , 0.5), (x2, 1), (x3, 0.6)}
B = {(y1 , 1), (y2, 0.4)}
'
Then, given a fact expressed by the proposition x is A ,
where
'
A = {(x 1 , 0.6), (x2, 0.9), (x3, 0.7)}
'
derive a conclusion in the form y is B (using generalized
modus ponens (GMP)).
EXAMPLE: GENERALIZED MODUS PONENS
 EXAMPLE: GENERALIZED MODUS PONENS

{ Taking the MIN values Row wise and Max values Column wise }
EXAMPLE: GENERALIZED MODUS TOLLENS

Generalized Modus Tollens (GMT)

P: If x is A Then y is B
'
Q: y is B
——————————————
'
x is A
 EXAMPLE: GENERALIZED MODUS TOLLENS

 Let sets of variables x and y be X = {x1 , x2, x 3 } and y = {y 1 , y 2 }, respectively.

 Assume that a proposition If x is A Then y is B given where

 A = {(x 1 , 0.5), (x2, 1.0), (x3, 0.6)} and B = {(y 1 , 0.6), (y2, 0.4)}
 Assume now that a fact expressed by a proposition y is B is given where
'
B = {(y 1 , 0.9), (y2, 0.7)}.
'
 From the above, we are to conclude that x is A .
'
That is, we are to determine A
EXAMPLE: GENERALIZED MODUS TOLLENS
EXERCISE:

Apply the fuzzy GMP rule to deduce Rotation is quite slow

Given that :

 If temperature is High then rotation is Slow.

 Temperature is Very High

Let,
X = {30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100} be the set of
temperatures.
Y = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60} be the set of rotations per
minute.
EXERCISE:
The fuzzy set High(H), Very High (VH), Slow(S) and Quite
Slow (QS) are given below.
H = {(70, 1), (80, 1), (90, 0.3)}
VH = {(90, 0.9), (100, 1)}
S = {(30, 0.8), (40, 1.0), (50, 0.6)}
QS = {(10, 1), (20, 0.8)}

If temperature is High then the rotation is Slow.

 R = (H × S) ∪ (H × Y )
temperature is Very High

Thus, to deduce ”rotation is Quite Slow”, we make use the

composition rule QS = VH ◦ R(x, y )
 FUZZY REASONING: RULES

Rule: if x is A then y is B
Premise: x is A’, where A’ is close to A
Conclusion: y is B’
Use max of intersection between A and A’ to get B’
 FUZZY REASONING: RULES

 w the degree of belief for the antecedent part

of a rule,gets propagated by the if-then rules
and the resulting degree of belief or MF for
the consequent part should be no greater
than w
FUZZY REASONING: RULES
FUZZY REASONING: RULES
FUZZY REASONING: RULES
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FUZZY REASONING: RULES
FUZZY REASONING: RULES
FUZZY REASONING: RULES
FUZZY REASONING: RULES
FUZZY REASONING: RULES
 REFERENCES
 Text Book:Neuro Fuzzy and Soft Computing
by J.S.R.Jang and C.T.Sun,Prentice Hall.
 Reference Books:Fuzzy logic with Engg
App,Timothy J Ross,Wiley Pub.
 Soft Computing and Its application,Vol 1
K.S.Ray,Apple Academic Press.
 First Course on Fuzzy Theory and
App.K.H.Lee,Spinger.
 Fuzzy Set theory and its
app,H.Z.Zimmermann,spinger Science