DNA GENOME, CELL CYCLE, APOPTOSIS,

TELOMERE

Prapanca Nugraha
Aulia Novariza Fahman
Putri Julia Sari
Rahmayeni Effendi
Samuel Amosilo Santoso Kesek
Kurniadi Yusuf Sugianto
GENES
 Mendel first defined genes as information containing
elements that are distributed from parents to offspring

 A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of

heredity.

 DNA of each human cell is approximately 2 m long,

with 3.2 billion base pairs (bp)

Junqueira's basic histology. McGraw-Hill Medical,; 2014.

 GENOME
 Organism’s complete set of DNA, including all of its
genes.

 In human contains approximately 30.000 genes arranged

in 23 pair of chromosomes

 22 homologous pairs, the autosomes, and 2 sex

chromosomes,

Junqueira's basic histology. McGraw-Hill Medical,; 2014.

 CHROMOSOMES
 Organized structure of DNA and protein that is found in
cells
 Consist of DNA
 Located in nucleus

Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
 DNA
 DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid is the
molecule that carries all of the inherited
information in the cell.
 Composed of two chains that coil around
each other to form a double helix.

Junqueira's basic histology. McGraw-Hill Medical, 2014.

Structure of DNA
 DNA  polynucleotides.

 Each nucleotide is composed of 3 parts:

One of four nitrogenous base, Adenine (A), Cytosine
(C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T)
Sugar (called deoxyribose),
Phosphate group (which is a phosphorus atom bonded
to 4 oxygen atoms).

Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
DNA Replication
 Involves an enzyme: DNA polymerase.
 Strands are separated. Each strand of the original DNA
molecule then serves as a template for the production of its
counterpart, a process referred to as semiconservative
replication.
CELL CYCLE
 CELL CYCLE

 The regular sequence of events that produce new cells

is termed the cell cycle.
 Organized sequence of complex biologic processes that is
traditionally divided into four distinct phases

Junqueira's basic histology. McGraw-Hill Medical, 2014.

 Phase of cell cycle
 Resting (G0 phase)
 Interphase
 G1 phase

 S phase (DNA
replication)
 G2 phase

 Mitosis (M phase)

Wheater's functional histology: a text and colour atlas. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
MITOSIS
 The Cell Cycle Control System
 The sequential events of the cell cycle
 Are directed by a distinct cell cycle control system,
which is similar to a clock
Junqueira's basic histology. McGraw-Hill Medical, 2014.
The Cell Cycle Clock: Cyclins and
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle control

 Cyclins

 cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)

Junqueira's basic histology. McGraw-Hill Medical, 2014.
APOPTOSIS
 PHYSIOLOGIC:
APOPTOSIS  endometrial break down->
= cell death induced by menstrual cycle
intracellular program  during embryogenesis
 Neutrophyl -> acute inflamation
“SUICIDE PROGRAM”  Lymphocite  immune response

CELL
Destined to DIE

PATHOLOGIC :
 injurious stimuli : radiation, anti
cancer drugs
ACTIVATION OF  viral disease : viral hepatitis
ENZYMES  Pathologic atrophy after duct
obstruction -> parotid gland
 Tumors

DEGRADATION of :
 NUCLEAR DNA
 NUCLEAR PROTEIN
 CYTOPLASMIC PROTEIN
Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease-Saunders (2015)
 MECHANISM OF APOPTOSIS

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease-Saunders (2015)

TELOMERE
TELOMERE
Short repeated sequences of DNA present at the
linear ends of chromosomes that are important
for ensuring the complete replication of
chromosome ends and for protecting the ends
from fusion and degradation

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease-Saunders (2015)

• Cellular Senescence. All normal cells have a limited capacity for
replication, and after a fixed number of divisions cells become arrested
in a terminally nondividing state.

• When somatic cells replicate, a small section of the telomere is not

duplicated, and telomeres become progressively shortened.

• As the telomeres become shorter, the ends of chromosomes cannot be

protected and are seen as broken DNA, which signals cell cycle arrest.
• The lengths of the telomeres are normally maintained by
nucleotide addition mediated by an enzyme called telomerase.

• Telomerase is a specialized RNA-protein complex that uses its

own RNA as a template for adding nucleotides to the ends of
chromosomes.

• Telomerase activity is expressed in germ cells and is present at

low levels in stem cells, but it is usually absent in most somatic
tissues

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease-Saunders (2015)

Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease-Saunders (2015)
Thank you