Optics-Hecht - 04-Chap5-Geometrical Optics - OK

Optika - Dept.
Fisika
Geometrical Optics
Chapter 5
Optics
Eugene Hecht- © Pearson Education Limited 2017
Tim Dosen “Optika”

Departemen Fisika, FSains – ITS, 2019
5.2 LENSES
A lens is a refracting device (i.e., a discontinuity in the prevailing
medium) that reconfigures a transmitted energy distribution.
That much is true whether we are dealing with UV, lightwaves,

IR, microwaves, radiowaves, or even sound waves.
Optika - Dept. Fisika

Refraction at Spherical Surfaces

Thin Lenses
A lens that consists of one element (i.e., it has only two refracting
surfaces) is a simple lens.
The presence of more than one element makes it a compound lens.
A lens is also classified as to whether it is thin or thick.
Kind of lenses:
 Convex, converging, or positive
 Concave, diverging, or negative
Thin-Lens Equations
Focal Points and Planes

Thin-Lens Combinations
Distance d, which is smaller than
either focal length.
Distance d greater than the

sum of their focal lengths.
So1 = 50 cm, d = 20 cm, f1= 30 cm, So1 = 35 cm, d = 80 cm, f1= 30 cm,
f2= 50 cm. f2= 40 cm.
Back focal length (b.f.l.)  The distance from the last

surface of an optical system to the second focal point of that
system.
Front local length (f.f.l.)  The distance of the first surface
to the first or object focus.
d  0,
5.3 STOPS
Aperture stop (A.S.)  determines the amount of light reaching the
image
Field stop (F.S.)  it determines the field of view of the instrument.

The entrance pupil of a system is the

image of the aperture stop as seen
from an axial point on the object
looking through those elements
preceding the stop.
The exit pupil is the image of the A.S. as

seen from an axial point on the image
looking through the interposed lenses, if
there are any.
The ratio D/ƒ is known as the relative aperture, and its inverse is
the focal ratio, or ƒ-number, often written ƒ>#.
5.4 MIRRORS
Planar Mirrors

The only evident change was a 180o

rotation about the optical axis—an
effect known as reversion.
The process that converts a right-
handed coordinate system in the
object space into a left-handed one
in the image space is known as
inversion.
Aspherical Mirrors
Spherical Mirrors
Precise aspheric surfaces are considerably more difficult to
fabricate than are spherical ones, and, not surprisingly, they’re
considerably more expensive.
The equation for the circular cross section

of a sphere:
The Mirror Formula

5.5 PRISMS
Prisms play many different roles in
Optics; there are prism combina-tions
that serve as beamsplitters,
polarizing devices, and interfero-
meters. Despite this diversity, the vast
majority of applications make use of
only one of two main prism functions.
First, a prism can serve as a dispersive
device.
Its second and more common function is
to effect a change in the orientation
of an image or in the direction of Prisms come in many sizes and shapes and perform
propagation of a beam. a variety of functions (see photo). Let’s first
consider the group known as dispersing prisms.

The total deviation is then

Constant deviation dispersing prisms
 If the prism is now rotated slightly about

an axis normal to the paper, the incoming
beam will have a new incident angle. A
different wavelength component (2),
will now undergo a minimum deviation,
which is again 90o— hence the name
constant deviation.
Reflecting Prisms
Reflecting prisms, in which

dispersion is not desirable.
Which is certainly independent

of both  and n. The reflection
will occur without any color
preferences, and the prism is said
to be achromatic.
A few of the many widely used reflecting prisms
The collimated light 

5.6 FIBEROPTICS

The concept of channeling light within
a long, narrow dielectric (via total
internal reflection).
The path length / traversed

by the ray will be
The number of reflections Nr is

The critical angle, c
The acceptance angle,
The acceptance angle (2max) corresponds to the vertex angle of the

largest cone of rays that can enter the core of the fiber.
Fiberoptic Communications
Technology
 Stepped-index fiber,
 Graded-index fiber
 Single-mode fiber,
 Multi-mode fiber
The V-number:
The number of modes (Nm):

5.7 OPTICAL SYSTEMS
a. Eyes

Accommodation
The closest point on which the eye

can focus is known as  the
near point.
In a normal eye it :
 7 cm for a teenager,
 12 cm or so for a young adult,
 28 -40 cm in the middle-aged,
 ± 100 cm by 60 years of age.
b. Eyeglasses
The dioptric power , , of a lens, which is simply the reciprocal of
the focal length [diopter].
The focal length for two thin lenses in contact

Nearsightedness—Negative Lenses
Myopia is the condition in which

parallel rays are brought to focus
in front of the retina; the power of
the lens system as configured is
too large for the anterior-posterior
axial length of the eye.
Images of distant objects fall in front

of the retina, the far point is closer
in than infinity, and all points
beyond it will appear blurred.
This is why myopia is often called

nearsightedness;
Farsightedness—Positive Lenses
Hyperopia (or hypermetropia) is the

defect that causes the second focal
point of the unaccommodated eye
to lie behind the retina.
Farsightedness, as you might have

guessed it would be called, is often
due to a shortening of the
anteroposterior axis of the eye—
the lens is too close to the retina.
c. The Magnifying Glass
The lens so used is

referred to variously as
a magnifying glass, a
simple magnifier, or a
simple microscope.
The magnifying power, MP, or

equivalently, the angular
magnification, MA,
d. Eyepieces
The eyepiece, or ocular,
is a visual optical
instrument,
fundamentally a
magnifier.
e. The Compound Microscope

The magnifying power of the entire system is the
product of the transverse linear magnification of
the objective, MTo, and the angular magnifi-cation
of the eyepiece, MAe,
An objective with a focal length ƒo of, say,

32 mm will be engraved with the
marking 5X (or X5), indicating a power
of 5. Combined with a 10X eyepiece (ƒe
= 1 inch), the microscope MP would
then be 50X.
f.The Camera
g. The Telescope
Refracting Telescopes
The angular magnification Here u and a are measures of

the field of view in object and
image space, respectively.
Reflecting Telescopes

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Optika - Dept.

Tim Dosen “Optika”

That much is true whether we are dealing with UV, lightwaves,

Optika - Dept. Fisika

Refraction at Spherical Surfaces

Focal Points and Planes

Distance d greater than the

Back focal length (b.f.l.)  The distance from the last

Optika - Dept. Fisika

The entrance pupil of a system is the

The exit pupil is the image of the A.S. as

Optika - Dept. Fisika

The only evident change was a 180o

The equation for the circular cross section

The Mirror Formula

Optika - Dept. Fisika

The total deviation is then

Constant deviation dispersing prisms

 If the prism is now rotated slightly about

Reflecting prisms, in which

Which is certainly independent

A few of the many widely used reflecting prisms

The collimated light 

Optika - Dept. Fisika

The path length / traversed

The number of reflections Nr is

Optika - Dept. Fisika

The critical angle, c

The acceptance angle,

The acceptance angle (2max) corresponds to the vertex angle of the

The number of modes (Nm):

Optika - Dept. Fisika

The closest point on which the eye

The focal length for two thin lenses in contact

Myopia is the condition in which

Images of distant objects fall in front

This is why myopia is often called

Hyperopia (or hypermetropia) is the

Farsightedness, as you might have

c. The Magnifying Glass

The lens so used is

The magnifying power, MP, or

e. The Compound Microscope

An objective with a focal length ƒo of, say,

The angular magnification Here u and a are measures of

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