Human Anatomy and Fiology

By
Firdaus. M.Pd
 THE HUMAN BODY

The human body is arguably the most wonderful,

complex organisms on this planet. The human body is a
single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller
structures of four major kinds: cells, tissues, organs and
systems.
The body is composed of ten major systems: Skeletal,
Muscular, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic,
Respiratory, Digestive, Endocrine, Urinary, and
Reproductive.
The human body consists of three major areas: the head, the trunk and the extremities
(limbs). Common names of well known parts of the human body, from top to bottom, are
as follows:
HEAD: FOREHEAD, EYE, EAR, NOSE, MOUTH, TONGUE, TEETH, JAW, FACE, CHEEK ,CHIN,
NECK
The front of the head, where the eyes, ears, nose and mouth are located, is called the
face. The area above the eyes is called the forehead and below the mouth is the chin.
UPPER LIMB: SHOULDER, ARM, UPPER ARM, ELBOW, FOREARM, WRIST, HAND,
FINGERS,
In colloquial speech the term arm often refers to the entire upper limb from the
shoulder to the wrist. The segment between the shoulder and the elbow is the upper
arm and the segment between the elbow and wrist is the forearm.
The shoulder is the ball-and-socket joint between the end of the humerus and the
clavicle and scapula.
The elbow joint is the hinge joint between the distal end of the humerus and the
proximal ends of the radius and ulna.
The hands are our chief organs for physically manipulating the environment. Each hand
is dominantly controlled by the opposing brain hemisphere, and thus handedness, or
preferred hand choice for single-handed activities such as writing with a pen, reflects a
significant individual trait.
The chest is the region of the body between the neck and the abdomen. The
muscles covering the abdominal wall are abdominal muscles or abs. Ribs are
the long curved bones, which form the rib cage. Ribs surround the chest (Latin
thorax) and protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thoracic
cavity. The muscles associated with this area are pectoral
muscles or pecs and trapezius muscle.
TRUNK: SPINE, BACK, LOWBACK, CHEST, BREAST, RIBCAGE, ABDOMEN

The spine is the central support for the body. Another word for the spine is
the backbone. The spine is made of separate irregular bones called vertebrae. There is
a layer of cartilage (disc) in between each vertebra that keeps the bones from rubbing
against each other. There are twenty six vertebrae in the spine. According to the
region and position, the spine is divided into cervical – 7 vertebrae (C1-C7), thoracic –
12 vertebrae (T1-T12), lumbar – 5 vertebrae (L1-L5), sacral – 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1-
S5) and coccygeal – 3-5 vertebrae (Co1-Co5).
LOWER LIMB: HIP, BUTTOCKS , LEG, THIGH, KNEE, CALF, LOWER LEG, ANKLE, FOOT, HEEL,
TOES
The buttocks are formed by the masses of the gluteal muscles or glutes, superimposed by
a layer of fat.
The leg is the lower extremity (limb) of the body, extending from the hip to the ankle, and
including the thigh, the knee and the lower leg.
The thigh is the area between the hip and the knee. The single bone in the thigh is called
the femur. 
The knee is the lower extremity joint connecting the femur and the tibia. It actually is
comprised of two separate joints.

The lower leg is the area between the knee and the ankle, consisting of two bones,
tibia and fibula. The muscles found at the back of the lower leg form the calf.
The ankle joint is formed where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle is a hinge joint
that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower leg with the proximal
end of the talus bone in the foot.
The foot, adjusted to bear the weight of the body, is made up by five toes (big, pointer,
middle, ring, little or pinky toes), the bottom of the foot, that is called the sole, instep,
the arch of the foot, and heel. The ball of the foot is where the toes join with the rest of
the foot. It is muscular and easily blistered. Runners often move with their weight on the
balls of their feet for better balance.
 Conversation:
A : Can you tell me what is skeletal system?
B : It is……
A : What is it function for?
B : It ……….
A : Would you tell me what are they?
B : They are………….
What about nervous system? Can You tell me what is it?
A : It is….
B : What is it function for?
A : It………
B : Would you tell me what are they?
A : They are………..
What about cardiovascular system, what is it?
B : It is…..
A : What is it function for?
B : It ……………
A : Would you tell me what are they?
B : It ………
(Continue)