Ab - Az Supp C

Waiting Lines
Supplement C
To Accompany Krajewski & Ritzman Operations Management: Strategy and Analysis, Seventh Edition © 2004 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
Waiting Line Models
Customer
population
Figure C.1
Waiting Line Models
Customer
population
Service system
Waiting line
Service
facilities
Priority
rule
Figure C.1
Waiting Line Models
Customer
population
Service system
Waiting line
Service Served
facilities customers
Priority
rule
Figure C.1
Waiting
Line
Arrangements
Waiting
Service facilities
Line
Arrangements
(a) Single line
Figure C.2
Waiting
Service facilities
Line
Arrangements
(a) Single line
Service facilities
Figure C.2 (b) Multiple lines
Service Facility Arrangements
Service
facility
(a) Single channel, single phase

Figure C.3
Service Service
facility 1 facility 2
(b) Single channel, multiple phase

Figure C.3
Service
facility 1
Service
facility 2
(c) Multiple channel, single phase

Figure C.3
Service Service
Service Service
(d) Multiple channel, multiple phase

Figure C.3
Service Service
Service Service
Routing for : 1–2–4
Routing for : 2–4–3
Routing for : 3–2–1–4
(e) Mixed
Figure C.3
Probability Distributions
Customer Arrivals
Arrival rate = 2/hour
Probability that 4 customers will arrive
(T)n -T
P(n) = e
n!
Example C.1
Customer Arrivals
[2(1)]4 -2(1)
P(4) = e
4!
Example C.1
Customer Arrivals
16 -2
P(4) = e = 0.090
24
Example C.1
Service Time
Arrival rate = 2/hour Service time = 3/hour
16 -2
P(4) = e = 0.090
24
Probability that a customer requires less than 10 minutes
P(t ≤T) = 1 – e-T
Example C.2
Service Time
16 -2
P(4) = e = 0.090
24
P(t ≤ 0.167 hr) = 1 – e-3(0.167)
Example C.2
Service Time
16 -2
P(4) = e = 0.090
24
P(t ≤ 0.167 hr) = 1 – 0.61 = 0.39
Example C.2
Operating Characteristics
 Line Length
 Number of
Customers in System
 Waiting Time in Line
 Total Time in System
 Service Facility Utilization
Single-Server Model

 = Average utilization of the system =

n = Probability that n customers are in the system = (1 – )n

L = Average number of customers in the service system =
–
Lq = Average number of customers in the waiting line = L
1
W = Average time spent in the system, including service =
–
Wq = Average waiting time in line = W
Waiting Line Models
Waiting Line Models
Single-Channel, Single-Phase System
Arrival rate = 30/hour Service rate = 35/hour
Example C.3
Waiting Line Models

Utilization =  =

Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = =
 35
Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35

Average number in system = L =

Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
30
Average number in system = L = = 6 customers
35 – 30
Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
30
35 – 30
Average number in line = Lq = L
Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
30
35 – 30
Average number in line = Lq = 0.857(6)
Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
30
35 – 30
Average number in line = Lq = 0.857(6) = 5.14 customers
Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
30
35 – 30
1
Average time in system = W =

Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
30
35 – 30
1
Average time in system = W =
35 – 30
Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
30
35 – 30
1
Average time in system = W = = 0.20 hour, or 12 minutes
35 – 30
Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
30
35 – 30
1
35 – 30
Average time in line = Wq = W

Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
30
35 – 30
1
35 – 30
Average time in line = Wq = 0.857(0.20)

Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
 30
Utilization =  = = = 0.857, or 85.7%
 35
30
35 – 30
1
35 – 30
Average time in line = Wq = 0.857(0.20) = 0.17 hour, or 10.28 minutes

Example C.3
Waiting Line Models
Figure C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
Arrival rate = = 30/hour
Average time in system = 8 minutes
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
Average time in system = 8 minutes = W =
–
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
Arrival rate = = 30/hour Service rate = = 37.52/hour
1
–30
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
4
Probability of more than 4 customers =  = 1 – ∑ n
n=0
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
4
Probability of more than 4 customers =  = 1 – ∑ (1 – )n
n=0
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
4
Probability of more than 4 customers =  = 1 – ∑ (1 – )n
n=0
30
= = 0.80
37.52
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Probability of more than 4 customers =  = 1 – 0.2(1 + 0.8 + 0.82
+ 0.83 + 0.84)
30
= = 0.80
37.52
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Probability of more than 4 customers =  = 0.328
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Service rate for

a 10% chance
of exceeding 4 = 1 – (1 – )(1234)
customers in
the system
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
 – 30
Service rate for

a 10% chance
of exceeding 4 = 1 – 1 – – 2 – 3 – 4 + + 2 + 3 + 4 + 
customers in
the system
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Service rate for

a 10% chance
of exceeding 4 =  or  =  1/5
customers in
the system
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Service rate for

a 10% chance
of exceeding 4 =  or  =  1/5 If  = 0.10
customers in
the system
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Service rate for

a 10% chance
of exceeding 4 =  or  = (0.10)1/5 If  = 0.10
customers in
the system
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Service rate for

a 10% chance
of exceeding 4 =  or  = 0.63 If  = 0.10
customers in
the system
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Service rate for

a 10% chance 30
of exceeding 4 =  or  = 0.63 = 

customers in
the system
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Service rate for

a 10% chance 30
of exceeding 4 =  or  = 0.63 = 

customers in
the system
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Single-Server Model
1
–30
Service rate for

a 10% chance 30
of exceeding 4 =  or  = 0.63 = 

customers in
the system
Example C.4
Waiting Line Models
Multiple-Server Model
Waiting Line Models
4 Unloading bays Crew costs $30/hour
2 Employees/crew Idle truck costs $50/hour
Arrival rate = 3/hour Service time = 1 hour

Utilization =  =
s
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
3
Utilization =  =
1(4)
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
Utilization =  = 0.75
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
[∑ ( )]
4–1 -1
(3/1)n (3/1)4 1
0 = n! + 4! 1 – 0.75
n=0
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
0 = 0.0377
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
0 = 0.0377
0()s
Average trucks in line = Lq =
s!(1 – )2
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
0 = 0.0377
0.0377(3/1)4(0.75)
Average trucks in line = Lq =
4!(1 – 0.75)2
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
0 = 0.0377
Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
0 = 0.0377
Lq
Average time in line = Wq =

Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
0 = 0.0377
1.53
Average time in line = Wq =
3
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
0 = 0.0377
Average time in line = Wq = 0.51 hours
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
1
Utilization =  = 0.75 Average time in system = W = Wq +

0 = 0.0377
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
1
Utilization =  = 0.75 Average time in system = W = 0.51 +
1
0 = 0.0377
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
Utilization =  = 0.75 Average time in system = W = 1.51 hours
0 = 0.0377
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
0 = 0.0377 Average trucks in system = L = W
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
0 = 0.0377 Average trucks in system = L = 3(1.51)
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
0 = 0.0377 Average trucks in system = L = 4.53 trucks
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
Figure C.5
Waiting Line Models
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models

Labor costs:
Idle truck cost:
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models

Labor costs: $30(s) = $30(4) = $120.00
Idle truck cost:
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models

Labor costs: $30(s) = $30(4) = $120.00
Idle truck cost: $50(L) = $50(4.53) = $226.50
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models

Labor costs: $30(s) = $30(4) = $120.00
Idle truck cost: $50(L) = $50(4.53) = 226.50
Average time in line = Wq =hourly
Total 0.51 hours
cost = $346.50
Example C.5
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
Number of robots = 10
Time between failures = 200 hrs
Loss/machine hour = $30
Service time = 10 hrs
Maintenance cost = $10/hr
N
[∑ ( )]
N!  n –1
0 = (N – n)! 
n=0
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
10
0 = [∑ 10!
(
0.005 n –1
(10 – n)! 0.10 )]
n=0
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
0 = 0.538
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
0 = 0.538
 = 1 – 0
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
0 = 0.538
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
Time between failures = 200 hrs +
Lq = N – (1 – 0)
Loss/machine hour = $30 
0 = 0.538
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
Time between failures = 200 hrs 0.005 + 0.10
Lq = 10 – (1 – 0.538)
Loss/machine hour = $30 0.005
0 = 0.538
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
Time between failures = 200 hrs Lq = 0.30 robots
0 = 0.538
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model

L=N– (1 – 0)

0 = 0.538
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 10 – 0.10 (1 – 0.538)
0.005
0 = 0.538
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
0 = 0.538
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
0 = 0.538
Wq = Lq[(N – L)]–1
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
0 = 0.538
Wq = 0.30[(10 – 0.76)0.005]–1
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
0 = 0.538
Wq = 6.49 hours
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
0 = 0.538
Wq = 6.49 hours
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
W = L[(N – L)]–1
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
0 = 0.538
Wq = 6.49 hours
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
W = 0.76[(10 – 0.76)0.005]–1
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
0 = 0.538
Wq = 6.49 hours
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
W = 16.45 hours
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
0 = 0.538
Wq = 6.49 hours
 = 1 - 0.538 = 0.462
W = 16.45 hours
Figure C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
0 = 0.538
Wq = 6.49 hours
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
W = 16.45 hours
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
Labor cost:
Idle
0 = robot
0.538 cost:
Wq = 6.49 hours
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
W = 16.45 hours
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot
Labor cost: ($10/hr)(8 hrs/day)(0.462 utilization) = $ 36.96

Idle
0 = robot
0.538 cost:
Wq = 6.49 hours
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
W = 16.45 hours
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot

Idle
0 = robot
0.538 cost: (0.76 robot)($30/robot hr)(8 hrs/day) = 182.40
Wq = 6.49 hours
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
W = 16.45 hours
Example C.6
Waiting Line Models
Finite-Source Model
L = 0.76 robot

Idle
0 = robot
0.538 cost: (0.76 robot)($30/robot hr)(8 hrs/day) = 182.40
Wq = 6.49 hours
Total daily cost = $219.36
 = 1 – 0.538 = 0.462
W = 16.45 hours
Example C.6
Decision Areas
 Arrival Rates
 Number of Service
Facilities
 Number of Phases
 Number of Servers
Per Facility
 Server Efficiency
 Priority Rule
 Line Arrangement

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Waiting Lines

Figure C.2 (b) Multiple lines

(a) Single channel, single phase

(b) Single channel, multiple phase

(c) Multiple channel, single phase

(d) Multiple channel, multiple phase

P(t ≤T) = 1 – e-T

P(t ≤ 0.167 hr) = 1 – e-3(0.167)

P(t ≤ 0.167 hr) = 1 – 0.61 = 0.39

n = Probability that n customers are in the system = (1 – )n

Lq = Average number of customers in the waiting line = L

Wq = Average waiting time in line = W

Average number in line = Lq = L

Average number in line = Lq = 0.857(6)

Average number in line = Lq = 0.857(6) = 5.14 customers

Average number in line = Lq = 0.857(6) = 5.14 customers

Average number in line = Lq = 0.857(6) = 5.14 customers

Average number in line = Lq = 0.857(6) = 5.14 customers

Average number in line = Lq = 0.857(6) = 5.14 customers

Average time in line = Wq = W

Average number in line = Lq = 0.857(6) = 5.14 customers

Average time in line = Wq = 0.857(0.20)

Average number in line = Lq = 0.857(6) = 5.14 customers

Average time in line = Wq = 0.857(0.20) = 0.17 hour, or 10.28 minutes

Average time in system = 8 minutes

Service rate for

Service rate for

Service rate for

Service rate for

Service rate for

Service rate for

Service rate for

Service rate for

Service rate for

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average time in line = Wq = 0.51 hours

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average time in line = Wq = 0.51 hours

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average time in line = Wq = 0.51 hours

Utilization =  = 0.75 Average time in system = W = 1.51 hours

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average time in line = Wq = 0.51 hours

Utilization =  = 0.75 Average time in system = W = 1.51 hours

0 = 0.0377 Average trucks in system = L = W

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average time in line = Wq = 0.51 hours

Utilization =  = 0.75 Average time in system = W = 1.51 hours

0 = 0.0377 Average trucks in system = L = 3(1.51)

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average time in line = Wq = 0.51 hours

Utilization =  = 0.75 Average time in system = W = 1.51 hours

0 = 0.0377 Average trucks in system = L = 4.53 trucks

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average time in line = Wq = 0.51 hours

Utilization =  = 0.75 Average time in system = W = 1.51 hours

0 = 0.0377 Average trucks in system = L = 4.53 trucks

Average trucks in line = Lq = 1.53 trucks

Average time in line = Wq = 0.51 hours

Utilization =  = 0.75 Average time in system = W = 1.51 hours