Introduction to Play,Game

and Sports
Why there is in need for physical education?
Physical education has existed since the earliest stages of humanity, in

areas as simple as the transmission of knowledge of basic survival skills,

such as hunting.

The real history of P. E. is in the changing methodologies used to

transmit physical skills and to a lesser extent the varying intentions of

the educator.
The first known literary reference to an athletic competition is

preserved in the ancient Greek text , the Iliad, by Homer.

This mark the beginning of physical activity an important point in the study of the history of physical

education.
The ancient Greek tradition of the Olympic Games, which originate in

the early 8th century B.C.

Friedrich Ludwig Jahn

-The father of modern physical education

that we know of today.

-German “father of gymnastics” who

founded the turnverein (gymnastics club)

movement in Germany.
What is physical activity?
Physical activity is any activity that you may do that helps to
improve or maintain your physical fitness as well as your
health in general.

Like your Everyday activities, Active recreational activities

and Sports.
No one is too old to enjoy the benefits of regular physical
activity. Of special interest to older adults is evidence that
muscle-strengthening exercises can reduce the risk of falling
and fracturing bones and can improve the ability to live
independently.
 Introduction to Play, Game and Sports

A. According to Johann Huizinga that play is activity that is free,

stands outside ordinary life, it is serious, regulated by rules that evolve

during the process of the activity, and results in no material to be gain.

 So play is actually free, imaginative and it has regulations to follow.
There are 4 categories of play:
1. Alea- this is games of luck
2. Mimicry- it is pretense or the action or art of imitating
someone or something, typically in order to entertain or ridicule.
3. vertigo- whirling and turning activities
4. Agon- a struggle or contest, dramatic conflict between the
chief characters .
Types of play
While children shift between the types of play, children
participated less in the first four types of play and more in the
last two – those which involved greater interaction.
• Unoccupied play: the child is relatively stationary and
appears to be performing random movements with no
apparent purpose. A relatively infrequent style of play.
Solitary play: the child is are completely engrossed in playing
and does not seem to notice other children. Most often seen
in children between 2 and 3 years-old.
Onlooker play: child takes an interest in other children’s play but
does not join in. May ask questions or just talk to other children,
but the main activity is simply to watch.
Parallel play: the child mimics other children’s play but
doesn’t actively engage with them. For example they may use
the same toy.
Associative play: now more interested in each other than the
toys they are using. This is the first category that involves
strong social interaction between the children while they play.
Cooperative play: some organisation enters children’s play,
for example the playing has some goal and children often
adopt roles and act as a group.
 Play is a serious business.

The pioneering developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky thought

that, in the preschool years, play is the leading source of
development.

Through play children learn and practice many basic social skills.
They develop a sense of self, learn to interact with other children,
how to make friends, how to lie and how to role-play.
Roger Caillois

Play is an activity that contains and elements of play,

characterized by playful competition, physical limitation is defined
by rules and an outcome is determined by skill, strategy and by
chance.

Game is uncertain, no planning/preparation is required and it is an

instant occurrences.
Classification of Games:

1. Tag games
2. Relay games
3. Social games
4. games with equipment
5. games without equipment
6. ball games
Peter Mcintosh

Sports is an activity that may contain one or more elements of

play and game but more specially, has the components of
competition, physical prowess, skill and superiority.

Sport is highly organized, it is an institutionalized game, patterns

and it is a social institution.
Categories of Sport:

1. Competitive
2. Combat
3. expressive
4. conquest
Types of Degree of involvement:
1. Consumer
1.1 Primary Consumer
1.2 Secondary Consumer
1.3 Tertiary Consumer
2. Producer
2.1 Primary Consumer
2.2 Secondary Consumer
2.3 Tertiary Consumer