EVACUATION &

EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES
BY SHARMIN NAZ
2nd YEAR MBA in Aviation
Management
 EMERGENCY SITUATION

An emergency situation is one in which the safety of the

aircraft or of persons on board or on the ground is
endangered for any reason.
 Types of Emergency Situations
 Fire on board the aircraft
 Aircraft Component Failure
 Shortage of Fuel
 Worsening Weather
 Pilot Incapacitation
 Aircraft Damage
 Illegal Threat
 Medical Emergencies
 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Emergency procedures range from small-aircraft checklists for dealing
the accidental opening of a cabin door during flight to large commercial
airports detailed emergency plans for dealing with an incoming aircraft
that has been rendered virtually uncontrollable. In the first case, the
procedure may involve only the pilot of the aircraft, whereas, in the
second scenario, emergency procedures would typically involve many
people in several different organizations all engaging in a highly
coordinated and rehearsed plan of action in order to effectively deal with
the situation.
 Fire on board the aircraft

• At the first indication or suspicion of smoke and fumes, or fire within the
aircraft, the flight crew should don smoke goggles and oxygen masks.
• Plan for immediate descent and landing.
• While the requirement is to land the aircraft as soon as possible, the crew
need to do all that they can to isolate and control the fire. Crews should
follow company procedures for fighting an in-flight fire.
 Shortage of Fuel
• MINIMUM FUEL/FUEL EMERGENCY DECLARATION: The declaration of
“MINIMUM FUEL” informs ATC that, for a specific aerodrome of intended landing, the
aircraft has sufficient fuel remaining to follow the cleared routing, execute arrival and
approach procedure and land with the required fuel reserves. However, there is little or
no extra fuel on board and any change to existing clearance could result in landing with
less than planned final reserve fuel.
• MAYDAY FUEL: The declaration of “MAYDAY FUEL” is an emergency situation
when the calculated usable fuel predicted to be available upon landing at the nearest
aerodrome where a safe landing can be made is less than the planned reserve fuel.
 Medical Emergencies
• Discovery: Cabin crew may become aware of a passenger in medical distress by direct
observation or it is brought to their attention by the individual, travelling companion or
another nearby passenger.
• Flight crew response: It depends on nature of the problem, the degree of urgency for
medical intervention and location and phase of flight in which the situation occurs.
• Assessment: The attending flight attendant will immediately do a preliminary
assessment of the patient.
• Diagnosis: For any other than very minor medical issue, in-charge flight attendant
makes a PA announcement asking if there is any doctor on board.
• Decision: Based on the information provided, the Captain will make the decision to
either continue the flight to the planned destination or to divert to a closer aerodrome.
 EVACUATION
Emergency aircraft evacuation refers to emergency evacuation from
an aircraft which may take place on the ground, in water, or mid-
flight. It is the urgent abandonment of an aircraft utilising all useable
exits.
Types of evacuation:
• Planned : those for which sufficient time exists to brief the
passengers and crew and prepare the cabin
• Unplanned: those for which there is insufficient time to brief the
passengers and crew.
 General Emergency Evacuation
Guidelines
This guidelines are valid for both evacuations on land and water:
•In a ditching situation, more than one impact should be expected
•Evacuation should not be initiated until the aircraft has come to a complete stop
•The engines must be shut down before opening door directly forward or aft of
an engine
•Cabin crewmembers should begin evacuation immediately upon signal from the
flight deck crew
•Cabin crew should follow any additional instructions the flight deck crew may
give
• If there is an emergency that the flight crew may not be aware of and time
permits, the cabin crew should notify the flight deck prior to initiating an
evacuation; if time does not permit, the notification of the flight deck should be
done simultaneously upon commencement of evacuation
• Cabin crew should make an independent decision to initiate an evacuation
when there is severe structural damage, a life-threatening situation (fire, smoke,
impact forces, ditching) or abnormal aircraft attitude exists and there is no
response from the flight deck crew
• If one cabin crewmember initiates an evacuation, all cabin crewmembers
should follow evacuation procedures immediately
• When a crewmember’s life is directly and imminently in danger, the cabin
crewmember’s personal safety should always take priority
 Common Evacuations Issues:
• Delays: As much as a minute can pass before the flight or cabin crew initiates the
evacuation. This is a very long time for passengers to endure if it is obvious that an
emergency situation exists. On the other hand, if the emergency is not obvious, passengers
may revert to their routine and e.g. start opening the overhead bins to retrieve their luggage.
This action will be very difficult to prevent when the cabin crewmembers are required to
remain at their stations near the emergency exits.
• Communication: In an emergency evacuation, effective communications among the crew
members and with the passengers is essential for a timely, orderly, effective response. The
communication could be hindered by
 Inoperative Public Address (PA) systems - The cabin crew and/or passengers are unable to
hear the initial evacuation command and/or subsequent directions. PA systems could be
rendered inoperable or unintentionally switched off during evacuations.
 Inadequate crew communication - Non-effective communication between the cabin and the
flight deck could result in a significant delay of the evacuation.
• Exit and Slide Operation: Problems in operating emergency exits and deploying
emergency slides delayed many evacuations, potentially compromising the success of the
evacuation. Cabin crew or passengers could experience difficulty operating emergency exit
doors.
• Passenger Preparedness: Passenger’s lack of preparedness to act appropriately, or adverse
behavior, during an evacuation is a serious issue during many evacuations. Passengers
might not perceive the danger they are in and therefore could act in an inappropriate
manner (e.g. being slow to respond to cabin crew instructions, looking for friends and
relatives or even trying to open overhead compartment storage to retrieve luggage).
• Fire, Smoke and Fumes: The presence of fire, smoke, and/or toxic fumes present the
greatest risk to a successful evacuation by restricting visibility, limiting communications,
reducing the number of available exits, affecting passenger behavior, and decreasing
occupants mental and physical capacities. Fire, smoke, and/or toxic fumes are identified as
a serious hazard during the evacuations.
Evacuation Slides

An evacuation slide is an
inflatable device which facilitates
the rapid evacuation of an
aircraft. Some slides are also
designed to serve as rafts when
detached from the aircraft in the
event of landing on water
THANK YOU
THANK YOU