HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Hypothesis

Null hypothesis (H0) Alternative hypothesis (HA)

There is no difference/ There is a difference/

association between the two association between the two
variables in the population variables in the population
 Example
Q-Is taking aspirin reduces the risk of
a heart attack?

Null hypothesis (H0): There is no

association between taking aspirin
and the risk of a heart attack >
 Example
Q-Is taking aspirin reduces the risk of
a heart attack?

Alternative hypothesis (HA): There

is an association between taking
aspirin and the risk of a heart
attack
 Basic steps involved in hypothesis testing

Specify the null hypothesis and the

alternative hypothesis.
 Basic steps involved in hypothesis testing

Collect the data and determine

what statistical test is
appropriate for data analysis.
 Basic steps involved in hypothesis testing

Perform the statistical test to

compute the P-value
 Basic steps involved in hypothesis testing

Use the P-value to make a decision

in favor of the null or alternative
hypothesis.
Level of Significance ‫مستويات الداللة االحصائية‬

Fasting >40 years <40years

Blood sugar
(mg/dl)
Mean 90 120

Chance
Chance
‫صدفة‬
‫صدفة‬
‫مستويات الداللة االحصائية ‪Level of Significance‬‬

‫‪rural‬‬ ‫‪Urban‬‬
‫‪190‬‬ ‫‪210‬‬
‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪215‬‬
‫‪Serum cholesterol‬‬
‫‪175‬‬ ‫‪210‬‬
‫‪187‬‬ ‫‪230‬‬
‫‪191‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬

‫تجدر االشاره هنا ان الحصول على الفروق ذات الداللة االحصائية اليعـتمد فقط على‬
‫على عوامل اخرى مثل ‪:‬‬ ‫يحدده الباحث ولكن‪178‬‬‫مستوى الدالله الذي ‪95‬‬
‫‪Mean‬‬ ‫‪184‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬حجم العينة ‪197‬‬
‫‪ .2‬تجانس المجتمع او العينة‬
 Chance ‫صدفة‬11‫لا‬
The probability of ‫• احتمال ظهور‬
occurring the result ‫النتيجة صدفة‬
by mere chance ‫امرجايز في كثير‬
‫من االبحاث‬

(p value)
‫لا‪11‬صدفة ‪Chance‬‬
‫• الصدفة ‪:‬‬
‫• اليمكن منعها وعدم‬
‫حصولها‬
‫• اليمكن معالجتها‬
‫• ولكن يمكن قياسها‬
 p value

p < 0.05 p> 0.05

(< 5%) (> 5%)

Relation is real Chance

‫عالقة حقيقية‬ ‫صدفة‬

Significant Non-Significant
‫يوجد داللة احصائية‬ ‫اليوجد داللة احصائية‬
 Calculating the P-value

Is calculated using a statistical test

 Χ2 test
 Student’s t-test
 ANOVA P-value
 Mann Whitney
 Kruskal wallis
 Pearson’s correlation
 Calculating the P-value

Is a probability, with a value

ranging between 0 and 1.

If the observed P-value is less than

0.05 (P<0.05), there is good
evidence that the null hypothesis
is not true.
 Calculating the P-value

P<0.05 is described as
statistically significant.

P>0.05 is described as not

statistically significant.